考博英語詞匯語法?？贾R點：現(xiàn)在完成時

考博英語詞匯語法題常考知識點專項練習：現(xiàn)在完成時

全國各院校考博英語考試題型中詞匯語法題也是大多院校所考察的，希賽網考博英語為廣大考生們整理了一系列考博英語詞匯語法題?？贾R點專項練習供考生們復習參考。希望能為大家在考博中提供到幫助。

考博英語詞匯語法題?？季糯箢愔R點專項練習匯總

基本結構

(一)肯定式

主語+助動詞have /has +過去分詞+其它

說明：這里的have /has是助動詞，沒有什么具體意義。當主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時助動詞用has，其余人稱一律用have。 has，have的縮略式分別為's或've。規(guī)則動詞過去分詞的構成與過去式的構成方式一樣，不規(guī)則動詞可參看不規(guī)則動詞表。實例：

1)I've just copied all the new words .我剛抄寫了所有的生詞。 (表示不要再抄了)

2)She has lost her books .她丟失了她的書。 (表示到目前為止還沒有找到)

(如果用過去時：She lost her books . 則強調書是過去丟的這一動作，而不知現(xiàn)在有沒有找到)

3)We've just cleaned the classroom .我們剛好打掃了教室。(表明現(xiàn)在教室是干凈的)

(二)否定式

主語+助動詞have /has+not+過去分詞+其它

說明：現(xiàn)在完成時構成否定句時，只需在助動詞have /has后面加not就行。have not，has not的縮略式分別為haven't ，hasn't。另外，肯定句中有some，already時，改為否定時要分別改成any，yet。實例：

1)I haven't finished my homework yet.我還沒有完成我的作業(yè)。

2)She hasn't travelled on a train .她沒有坐火車旅行過。

3)We have never spoken to a foreigner.我們從來沒有和外國人說過話。

注：有時not可以用never代替，表示“從來沒有”的意思。又如：

4)I have never seen him before.以前我從來沒有見過他。

(三)一般疑問式

助動詞Have /Has +主語+過去分詞+其它 ?

說明：把陳述句中的have或has放到句首，句末打問號，同時把句中的some ，already改為any ，ye t就構成了一般疑問句。肯定回答用“Yes ，主語+have/has.否定回答用“No，主語+haven't/hasn't.”有時也可以用“No，not yet./No ，never./No，not even once.”等。實例：

1)—Have you ever made dumplings ?你曾經做過餃子嗎?

—Yes ，I have .是的，我做過。

2)—Has she ever been abroad ?她曾經出過國嗎?

—No，never.不，從來沒有。

3)—Have they found the lost books yet ?他們已經找到了丟失的書嗎?

—Yes ，they have.是的，他們找到了。

注意：當句中有否定詞not ，hardly(幾乎不)，never的時候，在改為反意疑問句時，附加部分用肯定形式。例如：You have never come to our school ，have you ?你以前從來沒有來過我們學校，是嗎?

基本用法

1：表示過去發(fā)生或已經完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。此時，常與時間副詞already(已經) ，yet(還、已經) ，just(剛剛、僅僅) ，ever(曾經) ，never(從不) ，before(以前)等連用。這幾個副詞的用法如下：

1.already意為“已經”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助動詞之后，過去分詞之前，也可以放在句末。實例：

1)I've already read this book. 我已經讀過這本書了。

(“讀”這一動作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在造成的影響是“知道書中的內容”。)

2)I've washed my clothes already.我已經洗了衣服。

(洗衣服的動作已完成，其結果是“衣服冼干凈了”。)

注意：在表示吃驚或明知故問等感情色彩時，already也可用于(口語)疑問句中。實例：

3)Have you met him already ?你(真的)已經見過他了?

2.yet用在疑問句中意為“已經”，用在否定句中意為“還”，常放在句末。實例：

1)—Has he found his watch yet ?他已經找到他的手表了嗎?

—No，not yet.不，還沒有。

2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .

那位婦女還沒有找到她的狗。(沒找到狗，心里著急，這就是對現(xiàn)在的影響)

3.just意為“剛剛”，表示行為剛剛過去，常放在助動詞與過去分詞之間。實例：

He has just come back from school .他剛從學?；貋怼?/p>

4.ever意為“曾經”，用于疑問句或否定句中，放在助動詞與過去分詞之間。實例：

1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?你曾去過香港嗎?

2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我未曾和她說過話。

5.never意為“從來沒有”常與before連用(before要放在句尾，而never多放在助動詞與過去分詞之間。實例：

I have never travelled by plane before.我以前從來沒有乘飛機旅行過。

6.before意為“以前”，指過去不確定的某個時間，總是放在句末，不受句型的限制。實例：

1)Have you been to Hainan before ?你以前去過海南嗎?

2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before.我以前沒吃過廣東菜。

時態(tài)比較

一、現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的比較

①兩者都可表示過去發(fā)生過的動作，但前者表示的是過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響，

而后者則只是表示過去有這一動作的事實。

He locked the door. 他鎖過門 (但現(xiàn)在門是開是鎖不清楚。)

He has locked the door. 他把門鎖上了。 (現(xiàn)在門是鎖著的。)

Who turned on the light?

誰開的燈? (著眼開燈的動作，不管現(xiàn)在燈是開是關。)

Who has turned on the light?

誰把燈打開了? (著眼開燈的結果，即現(xiàn)在燈還亮著。)

② 兩者都可表示過去開始并延續(xù)了一段時間的動作，

現(xiàn)在完成時表示該動作仍在繼續(xù)，而一般過去時則說明該動作現(xiàn)已終止。

He has lived in Beijing for four years.

他在北京住了四年了。 (現(xiàn)在仍住那兒。)

He lived in Beijing for four years.

他曾在北京住了四年。 (現(xiàn)在不住那兒了。)

二、現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別

在與表示一段時間的狀語(for, since短語)連用時，兩種時態(tài)可以互換使用

I have been studying English for over two years

= I have studying English for over two years

但在口語中傾向于用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。

在不用表示一段時間的狀語的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時不可以隨便互換使用：

(1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時更強調動作的延續(xù)性，現(xiàn)在完成時往往沒有。試比較：

They have been widening the road.(a) They have widened the road.(b)

(a)句的意思是他們在加寬馬路，但尚未完工。(b)句的意思則是已完工了。

(2)在不用時間狀語的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作仍在進行。

而現(xiàn)在完成時則表示動作在過去已結束。如：

The students have been preparing for the exam.(還在進行)學生們一直在準備考試。

The students have prepared for the exam.(已經結束)學生們?yōu)榭荚囎髁藴蕚洹?/p>

(3)有些表示狀態(tài)，感情，感覺的動詞如：have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound等動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時。如：

They?ve known each other since 1970.自從1970年起他們就相互認識了。

(4) 現(xiàn)在完成進行時可以表示動作的重復，而現(xiàn)在完成時一般不表示重復性。

Have you been meeting him recently?你最近常和他見面嗎?

Have you met him recently? 你最近見到過他嗎?

(5) 現(xiàn)在完成進行時比較生動，有時含有明顯的感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時往往只說明一個事實，一種影響或結果，平鋪直敘，沒有什么感情色彩可言。如：

What have you been doing?(a) What have you done?(b)

(a)句表示驚異。(b)句只是一個問題。

I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你兩個小時。 (可能表示不滿)

I have waited for you for two hours. 　我等了你兩個小時。 (說明一個事實)

(6) 現(xiàn)在完成進行時強調動作，而現(xiàn)在完成時強調結果。

Who has been eating the oranges? 誰一直在吃這些桔子呀? (還剩余一些)

Who has eaten the oranges? 誰把桔子吃光了? (強調吃得一個不剩)

三、有些動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時

①表示狀態(tài)的動詞：be, have, exist等

②表示感情的動詞：like, love等

③表示感覺的動詞：see, hear, know等

He has had a cold for a week.

I have known Mr. Li since I was ten.

專項練習

單項選擇。

1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .

A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know

2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?

A. already B.never C.ever D. still

3、Have you met Mr Li ______?

A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago

4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .

A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written

5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .

—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good

C. has changed ; better D. changed ; better

6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .

A. was ; studying B. will ; study

C. has ; studied D. are ; studying

7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .

A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew

8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .

A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see

9、—These farmers have been to the United States .

—Really ? When _____ there ?

A. will they go B. did they go

C. do they go D. have they gone

10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?

—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

A. Did ; do ; finished B. Have ; done ; finished

C. Have ; done ; have finished D. will ; do ; finish

11、His father ______ the Party since 1978 .

A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in

12、—Do you know him well ?

— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .

A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made

13、—How long have you ____ here ?

—About two months .

A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived

14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .

A. has begun B. had begun

C. has been on D. began

15、It _____ ten years since he left the army .

A. is B. has C. will D. was

16、Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .

A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been

17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .

A. have been in B. have been to

C. have gone to D. have been

18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?

A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they

19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?

A. How soon, comes B. How often, got

C. How long, came D. How far, arrived

20、His uncle for more than 9 years.

A. has come here B. has started to work

C. has lived there D. has left the university