2017年復(fù)旦大學(xué)考博英語真題

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Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye， and a tooth for a tooth. ” That is，the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society.

Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual，not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to as-

sume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is part.

1. The best title for this passage is .

A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime B. Approaches to Just Punishment

C. Improvement in Legal Justice D. Attaining Justice in the Courts

2. The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the .

A. type of crime that was proven B. severity of the punishment

C. reason for the sentence D. outcome of the trial

3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be .

A. forced labour B. imprisonment

C. fair sentence D. the electric chair

4. The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye，and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to .

A. prove that equality demands just punishment

B. justifies the need for punishment as a part of law

C. give moral backing to retributive justice

D. show that man has long been interested in justice

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