英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)語(yǔ)法：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute Structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個(gè)句子。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞等構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，它的位置相當(dāng)靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號(hào)將其與主句分開(kāi)。需特別注意的是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的一個(gè)重要板塊，今天，小編為大家收集、整理了獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，一起來(lái)看看吧！獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為兩部分：一部分是名詞或代詞，起邏輯主語(yǔ)的作用；另一部分是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分句（現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、不定式）或無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句（名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)），表示前面名詞或代詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

基本形式是：名詞普通格/代詞主格+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)，with引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

1． 名詞/代詞+ 現(xiàn)在分詞

現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)等。

例 The man lay there, his hands trembling.

So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.

His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.

注：“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”中的being或 having been 有時(shí)可以省去，這樣就成了無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句或過(guò)去分詞分句。

2． 名詞/代詞+過(guò)去分詞

過(guò)去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作或所處的一種狀態(tài)。

例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.

The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.

Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.

后面兩個(gè)句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，這兩個(gè)句子就又變成了現(xiàn)在分詞分句。

3． 名詞/代詞+不定式

不定式表示的是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。

例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.

These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month.

We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行） to start moving at 8 sharp.

4. 名詞/代詞+名詞

名詞一般做前面名詞或代詞的同位語(yǔ)。

例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.

He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.

5． 名詞/代詞+形容詞短語(yǔ)

形容詞（短語(yǔ)）說(shuō)明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，原因等。

例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.

I heard that she got injured in the accident， my heart full of sorry.

這兩個(gè)句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就變成了現(xiàn)在分詞分句。

6． 名詞/代詞+副詞

副詞說(shuō)明前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。

例 The meeting over, we all went home.

Nobody in, he left a message on the board.

He sat at the table, head down.

7. 名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)

介詞短語(yǔ)說(shuō)明伴隨前面名詞或代詞的方式或者狀態(tài)。

例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm.

The hunter entered the forest， gun in hand.

Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.

8. with引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu), 也可以認(rèn)為是一種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.

The teacher came in with several students following behind.

With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.

With the work done, he went out to eat.

He left the office with the lights on.

Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.