2018年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語一真題

2018年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)真題

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3 .

 4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9 : In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.

 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15 .Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.

Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the “ 20 ”tester participated in a follow-up activity.8694

1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from

2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest

3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price

4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again

5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When

6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains

7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare

8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to

9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle

10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters

11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic

12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight

13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over

14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted

15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside

16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered

17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked

18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled

19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance

20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?

Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.

This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.

The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.

The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.

Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.

Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.

21.Who will be most threatened by automation?

[A] Leading politicians.

[B]Low-wage laborers.

[C]Robot owners.

[D]Middle-class workers.

22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?

[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.

[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.

[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled

[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided

23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on

[A] creative potential. [B]job-hunting skills. [C]individual needs. [D]cooperative spirit.

24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at

[A]encouraging the development of automation.

[B]increasing the return on capital investment.

[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.

[D]preventing the income gap from widening.

25.In this text, the author presents a problem with

[A] opposing views on it. [B]possible solutions to it. [C]its alarming impacts. [D]its major variations.

Text 2

A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.

Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.

Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.

Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.

Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.

So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.

26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on

[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.

[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.

[C] the administrations ability to handle information.

[D] social media was a reliable source of news.

27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to

[A] sharpen [B] define [C] boast [D] share

28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people

[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.

[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.

[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.

[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”

29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is

[A] readers outdated values.

[B] journalists’ biased reporting

[C] readers’ misinterpretation

[D] journalists’ made-up stories.

30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online

[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend

[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.

[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.

Text 3

Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.

DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.

The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.

The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.

31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?

[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.

[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.

[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations

[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.

32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with

[A] empty promises.

[B] tough resistance.

[C] necessary adjustments.

[D] sincere apologies.

33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that

[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.

[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.

[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.

[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it

34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is

[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.

[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.

[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.

[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.

35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is

[A] ambiguous. [B] cautious. [C] appreciative. [D] contemptuous.

Text 4

The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality

And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.

Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.

If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.

36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by

[A]. its unbalanced budget.

[B] .its rigid management.

[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.

[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.

37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to

[A]. the interference from interest groups.

[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.

[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.

[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.

38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by

[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.

[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.

[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.

[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.

39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with

[A] respect. [B] tolerance.[ C] discontent. [D] gratitude.

40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days

[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese

[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure

[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.

B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.

C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.

D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.

F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.

G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.

41. →C→ 42. → 43. → F→ 44. →45.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.

When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.

The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions：

Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.

You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEET

Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions：

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should

1)describe the pictures briefly

2)interpret the meaning and

3)give your comments(20 points)

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points )

2018 年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)真題答案詳解

Section I Use of English

1、[答案][B] for

[解析]此處考察介詞的用法。 it’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things (信 任是一個必要條件_____許多重要事情) 此處應該是說，信任對許多重要事情來說是一個必 要條件。B 選項 for(對。。。來說)符合語義，故為正確答案;A 選項 from(來自于)，C 選 項 like(像。。。)，D 選項 on(關于)語義不恰當，故排除。

2、[答案][C] faith

[解析]此處考察詞義辨析和中心一致性原則。第一段首句提出主題句：trust is a tricky business (信任是一個奇怪的東西)。后面進一步對該主題句進行解釋說明：On the one hand，

it’s a necessary condition ___ for ___ many worthwhile things： child care， friendships， etc。 (一方面，信任對許多重要事情來說是必要條件，比如照看孩子，友誼等)，這句話在說信 任的好處。On the other hand， putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____。

(另一方面，把。。。放在錯誤的地方往往會帶來巨大。。。)，顯然這句話依舊在解釋主題詞 “trust”，只有 C 選項 faith(信任、忠誠)與 trust 屬于近義詞復現(xiàn)，故正確答案為[C] faith。

3、[答案][B] price

[解析]此處考察詞義辨析。第一段首句提出主題句：trust is a tricky business(信任是一 個奇怪的東西)。后面進一步對該主題句進行解釋說明：On the one hand， it’s a necessary condition __ for __ many worthwhile things： child care， friendships， etc。 (一方面，信 任對許多重要事情來說是必要條件，比如照看孩子，友誼等)，這句話在說信任的好處。On the other hand， putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high____。 (另一方面， 把。。。放在錯誤的地方往往會帶來巨大。。。)，顯然這句話依舊在解釋主題詞“trust”，并且 根據(jù)空格所在句中的關鍵詞“wrong place”，本句應該在說信任不當?shù)谋锥?，所以空格處?該填入一個負向感情色彩的詞，故 A 選項 benefit 和 D 選項 hope 排除，而 C 選項 debt(債 務)帶入之后語義不當，故正確答案為[B] price(代價)。

4、[答案][D] Then

[解析]此處考察邏輯關系。上段講述的是信任的好處和信任不當?shù)谋锥?。第二段段首?出問題：“_____我們?yōu)槭裁匆湃巍?。只?D 選項 then(那么)填入后能形成順暢的語義和 邏輯關系。故正確答案為 D then(那么)。A 選項 again(再次)表示強調(diào);B 選項 instead(但 是、然而)表示轉(zhuǎn)折;C 選項 therefore(因此)表示結(jié)果，不符合要求，故排除。

5、[答案][A] When

[解析]此處考察邏輯關系?？崭袼诰浜x為：______人們信任一個人或一個組織機構(gòu)， 他們的大腦會釋放催產(chǎn)素。只有 A 選項 when(當。。時候)填入后符合邏輯要求，故正確 答案為 A 選項 when。其他三個選項 B 選項 unless(如果不)表條件，C 選項 although(盡 管)表讓步，D 選項 until(直到。。。)表時間，帶入后均語義不通順，故排除。

6、[答案][C] produce

[解析]此處考察動賓搭配問題。上文指出：When people place their trust in an …their brains release oxytocin， a hormone。上文指出當人們產(chǎn)生信任感，大腦就會產(chǎn)生一種荷爾 蒙，后面是定語從句，句內(nèi)的動賓搭配， 可推知這個荷爾蒙能產(chǎn)生令人愉悅的情緒， 并且 與后面的 trigger 同義復現(xiàn)，因此 C 。produce 正確。

7、[答案][A] connect

[解析]此處考察上下文信息照應題。上文講到這種荷爾蒙能夠激發(fā)一種群居本能，the herding instinct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and promote …with one another， 這種本能有兩個作用，并用 and 連接，所以復現(xiàn)同義 and 前面的 flock together。 因此選擇 A。 connect

8、[答案][B] to

[解析]此處考察上下語境下的名詞介詞搭配問題。根據(jù)上文的結(jié)論，下文實驗展開分析， Swiss scientists have found that exposure to this hormone puts us…。所以研究中要求受試者要 先處于這種環(huán)境中，所以名詞 exposure to 構(gòu)成搭配語義關系，表示“接觸”的意思，因此 選擇 to。

9、[答案][D] mood

[解析]此處考察上下文的信息對應和句內(nèi)信息對應。上文提到身體會產(chǎn)生荷爾蒙，會給 你帶來一種愉悅的情緒 pleasurable feelings，這個上文結(jié)論。實驗中 exposure to this hormone puts us in a trusting …，因此，根據(jù)上下文，試驗中，處于這種荷爾蒙環(huán)境中，會給人帶來 情緒;語氣;心境;。因此選擇 mood。

10、[答案][A] counterparts

[解析]此處考察上下文的信息對應和句內(nèi)信息對應。上文指出，In a study， researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects ，可推知本句再講與另外一組受試者比較。 故選擇 A。counterparts。 相對物，相對應的人。

11、[答案][C] Lucky

[解析]此處考察上下文的邏輯關系。因為這個句子當中有個詞 also，說明前文和后文情 感是一致的關系。說我們有這兩種天賦，對大家來說都是好事，所以需要選擇一個正向的情 感色彩。只能選擇 lucky。A 選項 odd 奇怪的是，B 選項 funny 有趣的是，D 選項 ironic 諷 刺的是，皆不符合文意。

12、[答案][A] protect

[解析]此處考察上下文的成分搭配。因為這個句子當中有個詞 also，說明前文和后文情 感是并列平行關系，前后情感應該一致。所以此處只能選擇 protect 保護我們，符合文意。 B 選項 delight 使高興; C 選項 surprise 使震驚;D 選項 monitor 監(jiān)控皆不符合文意。

13、[答案][D] between

[解析]此處考察固定搭配。differentiate between A and B。 介詞 between 表示在 A 和 B 之間 ， 原文含義為：“4 個月大的孩子可以區(qū)分出一個可信的人和一個不誠實的人”。

14、[答案][C] introduced

[解析]此處考察成分搭配。原文表達： Sixty toddlers were each______ to an adult tester holding a plastic container。 只有 C 選項 be introduced to sth 表示“初次認識某事物”，符合 文意。A 選項 added 添加; B 選項 transferred 轉(zhuǎn)移; D 選項 entrusted 委托，皆不符合文意。

15、[答案][B] inside

[解析]此處考察介詞搭配及詞義復現(xiàn)。原文表達：“What’s in here?” before looking into the container…… Each subject was then invited to _________。 只有選擇 B 選項 inside 才能 和前文所表達的 in here 和 looking into 一脈相承。

16、[答案][D] discovered

[解析]此處考察詞義復現(xiàn)，屬于句子內(nèi)部的顯性線索。根據(jù)原文 Half of them found a toy;

the other half 16 the container was empty… 這是用分號并列的連個句子，都是在講試驗的結(jié) 果句型結(jié)構(gòu)基本一致，前半句再講一半的受測者在盒子里面找到了玩具，后半句肯定是再說 另半會怎么樣，兩個小分句的結(jié)構(gòu)基本一致 Half of them = the other half，found=16，a toy= the container was empty，所以 16 題填入的應該是 found 的同義詞，發(fā)現(xiàn)的含義，故 D 為正確選 項。

17、[答案][A] fooled

[解析]此處句間邏輯關系，屬于句子內(nèi)部的顯性線索。—and realized the tester had 17 them，此句位于破折號后面，是對前面意思的解釋說明。前面提到另一半人發(fā)現(xiàn)盒子是空 的，并且意識到測試者對他們怎么樣，既然盒子是空的那么肯定認識到測試者是在戲弄他們， 所以作對此題必須要理解 tester 測試者是主語，賓語是 them 指的是受測者，主語的意思決 定了謂語動詞的含義為戲弄，故 A fooled 為正確選項。

18、[答案][B] willing

[解析] 此處考察搭配關系，屬于句子內(nèi)部的顯性線索。Among the children who had not been tricked， the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill， demonstrating that they trusted his leadership。 根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)我們可以看出逗號之前是一個 介詞短語意為在所有沒有被戲弄過的孩子里面，大多數(shù)的孩子在習得一種新技能的時候與測 試者的合作是怎么樣的，demonstrating that they trusted his leadership 表明這些孩子信任他 的領導，所以既然信任他們就是愿意與其合作，故選擇 B。 willing，與 were willing to 構(gòu)成 固定搭配，意為愿意。

19、[答案][D] In contrast

[解析]此處考察句間的邏輯關系。19， only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”

tester participated in a follow-up activity。 通過該句中的 only 僅僅，可以看出與上文的 the majority of 形成鮮明的對比，19 題應該填入的應該是表示轉(zhuǎn)折，與上文形成對比的邏輯關 系詞。分析四個選項 A 表示總結(jié)，B 表示結(jié)果，C 表示舉例子，只有 D 表示轉(zhuǎn)折，對比，故 D 為正確選項。

20、[答案][C] unreliable

[解析]此處考察詞義辨析。19， only five of the 30 children paired with the “20” tester participated in a follow-up activity。該句含義為：在接下來的活動中 30 個孩子中只有 5 個孩

子與。。。樣的測試者能合作，所以結(jié)合上文提到的大部分孩子信任測試者，但是 5/30 屬于 一小部分，大部分對應的是信任，那么小比例的對應的是不信任，所以 tester 的修飾詞應 該為 C，unreliable 不可靠的，不可信任的，故 C 為正確選項。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21、[答案]D Middle-class workers

[解析]根據(jù)題干中“threatned”和“automation”定位到第一段首句“the annoyi-ng challenge facing the middle class is one that。。。 for their jobs”中的 challenge 和第二段的最后 三句話，可以得知相對于低收入者和富人，中產(chǎn)階級受到的沖擊最大。

22、[答案]C Issues arising from automation need to be tackled

[解析]根據(jù)題干可定位到第三段中的首句“this isn’t to be alarmist”和末句“But 。。。 middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting”， but 轉(zhuǎn)折句再一次強調(diào)了作者的觀點， 即中產(chǎn)階級工人需要很多幫助來調(diào)整應對問題。同時，末句中”may need a lot of help”同 義替換成選項 C 中的“need to be tackled”，自動化帶來的問題需要被解決，得出 C 答案。

23、[答案]A creative potential

[解析]根據(jù)題干中的關鍵詞可定位到第四段第二句“Curriculums—from grammar school to college—should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication”。由該句可知，課程應該更關注創(chuàng)造性和復雜的溝通而非記憶事實。所以， 應該選 C 選項 creative potential(創(chuàng)造潛能)，同義替換為 creativity。

24、[答案]D preventing the income gap from widening

[解析]該題考查作者的觀點，根據(jù)題干中的關鍵詞可定位到第六段第一句“Finally， because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income， taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought”。由該句可知，由于自動化加大了資本收入 和勞動力收入的差距，所以應該重新考慮稅收和安全網(wǎng)(保障措施)，即稅收政策應該避免 收入差距擴大，選 D 選項 preventing the income gap from widening。

25、[答案]B possible solutions to it

[解析]作者在文章第一、二段提出問題“中產(chǎn)階級受自動化危害最大”之后，第三段的 末尾句提出中產(chǎn)階級需要幫助去適應自動化的發(fā)展，接下來第四段至第六段介紹解決方法， 最后一段表明作者觀點。所以應該選 B 選項 possible solutions to it(解決問題的相應方法)。

Text 2

26、[答案][D] social media as a reliable source of news

[解析]雙段推理題。根據(jù)題目定位到第 1 段和第 2 段，雙段推理優(yōu)先考慮雙段主旨。第 一段中心句為最后一句話：Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other sources， not a president’s social media platform?！扒ъ淮矚g白宮直接發(fā)布的消 息…而不是總統(tǒng)社交媒體發(fā)布的信息”，說明他們不太信任社交媒體。第 2 段中心為第二句 轉(zhuǎn)折之后，說明對于社交媒體的不信任上升。故雙段中心都和他們不信任社交媒體相關。結(jié) 合以上信息，得出社交媒體信息不可靠，選擇 D。

27、[答案][A] sharpen

[解析]詞匯釋義題。根據(jù)題目定位到第 2 段第 2 句：Yet as distrust has risen toward all media，people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills。句子的情感色彩判斷，因 為逗號前提到“人們對于所有媒體的不信任增加”，可以推知人們應該開始增強其媒體素養(yǎng) 的技能，故選 A。

28。 [答案]B verify news by referring to diverse sources。

[解析]范例證明題。根據(jù)題干定位至第三段第二句話。因為某項研究一般是論據(jù)證明前 面的論點，故答案應該位于第一句話“Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at seperating fact from fiction in cyberspace?！?說明答案應該“和年輕 人更容易把網(wǎng)絡中的事實和虛假信息區(qū)分開來”，故答案為 B“驗證新聞的真?zhèn)巍?。為了精確 可以在論據(jù)中去驗證，論據(jù)中提到“verify stories”， “cross check sources”和“prefer news from different perspectives”，都是和多重角度驗證信息真?zhèn)蜗嚓P的。

29。 [答案]C readers’ misinterpretation

[解析]事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位至第五段第三句 found 之后 a main reason 對應 the top reason，而原文剩余信息為“reader error”， 所以應該和讀者相關。Error 應該對應 misinterpretation， 故答案為 C readers’ misinterpretation。若本句不清晰，下句進一步說 明答案的內(nèi)容，文中 misintepretation or exerggeration of actual news 進一步印證 C 為正確答 案。

30。 [答案]A A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online

[解析]全文主旨題。本篇文章屬于篇首轉(zhuǎn)折，二段轉(zhuǎn)折之后為全文主旨，yet 之后說道： “Yet as distrust has risen toward all media， people may be strarting to beef up their media literacy skills”?！半S著對于所有媒體不信任的上升，人們開始增強其媒體素養(yǎng)的技能”，故答 案為 A。為了驗證，可以看篇末，篇末重申主題， so 之后講道“so when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president， they reaveal a mental discipline in thinking skills-and in their choices on when to share on social media?！?更進一步說明和人們批判性看待社交媒體上的新 聞相關。

Text 3

31、[答案][B] It failed to pay due attention to patients’ rights。

[解析]細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的 NHS， DeepMind 和 agreement 回文定位第一段第四句“It is against that background that the information commissioner， has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS， which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy”。根據(jù) a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy 這一部 分的語義信息，說明 NHS 與 DeepMind 之間的協(xié)議沒有充分考慮到病人的權(quán)利與隱私。這句 話的言外之意就是協(xié)議未能充分關注病人的權(quán)利。故確定答案為選項B，其中 failed to是 took far too little account 的同義改寫。

32、[答案][C] necessary adjustments。

[解析]細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的 NHS trust， 以及 Denham’s verdict 回文定位第二段第二 句“The NHS trust has mended its ways?！?根據(jù)第二句的語義信息，NHS trust 針對 Denham’ s verdict 已經(jīng)調(diào)整了其與 DeepMind 的協(xié)議內(nèi)容，故通過同義替換，可確定正確答案為 C。

33、[答案][D] the value of data comes from the processing of it。

[解析]推理題。根據(jù)題干，此題定位在第二段最后一句 but 之后的轉(zhuǎn)折句?！癇ut this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation， not the mere possession of bits， that gives data value”。 這種區(qū)分忽視了一個點：是處理和收集賦予數(shù)據(jù)意義，而不 是擁有數(shù)據(jù)。 選項中的 “processing”和原文中的“processing”原詞復現(xiàn)。 選項中的“the value of data”對應原文中的“data value”。因此，D 項為正確答案。

34、[答案][D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants。

[解析]細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干此題定位在文中最后一段的第四句?！癢hat matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources。”重要的是這些 進步屬于一個私人壟斷企業(yè)，而私人壟斷企來使用公共資源進行研發(fā)。而這正真正的擔憂所 在。因此，選項 D 為正確答案， the monopoly of big data by tech giants 對應原文中的 a private monopoly。

35、[答案][B] cautious

[解析]態(tài)度題。本題考查作者對本文主題“將人工智能應用于醫(yī)療健康”的態(tài)度。根據(jù) 順序性原則定位在最后一段。該段倒數(shù)第三句話指出“我們目前依然處于這一改革的前期， 并且任何小的選擇都會對未來產(chǎn)生深遠的影響”，其中“still”一詞，以及“small”(小)和 “gigantic”(巨大的)對比，都體現(xiàn)出了作者對待整個事件是小心謹慎的態(tài)度，因此[B] cautious 為正確答案。

Text 4

36、[答案][B] its rigid management

[解析]根據(jù)題干判斷本題考查因果細節(jié)。第一段的前三句都是有關 USPS 的具體數(shù)字， 屬于細節(jié)信息。第四句出現(xiàn) many reasons 很多原因。緊接著下面就有 fundamentally 根本原 因是， 所以定位在第一段的最后一句。然后分析這個長難句，USPS 處在 squeeze between 1 and 2，中，1 是 technological change， 2 是 structure。 2 的 structure 后定語從句：denies management flexibility 對應選項 B： rigid management。

[干擾項分析]：選項 A，budget 文中未有涉及。 選項 C，雖然有提到 technological ，原 文 technological change 后的定語從句說的是：技術(shù)改革降低需求，并沒有提到 cost 成本問 題。選項 D，the withdrawal of bank support 銀行支持撤銷了，原文并沒有提及銀行支持， 直接排除。

37、[答案][A] the interference from interest groups

[解析] 根據(jù)題干 due to，判斷本題考查因果細節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞：USPS fails to modernize 定位到原文第二段最后一句，在這句前 leaving，留下，導致這個結(jié)果，往前找原 因，前一句提到 reform legislation， 而且這句前還有 this is why，只要找到代詞 this 指代就 可以判斷選項。代詞往前推，根據(jù)這句主干 interest groups exerts pressure on Congress 選擇 選項 A，interference 對應 exert pressure on。

[干擾項分析]選項 B，the inadequate funding from Congress，原文雖然有提到 Congress 國會，the aspect of status quo get protected， 國會保護 USPS，并沒有提及 inadequate funding 基金不足。選項 C，the shrinking demand for postal service 郵政需求縮減，文中沒有提及。 選項 D， the incompetence of postal unions 郵政工會的不作為。文章有提到工會，但是只提 他們是屬于 Interest groups，并沒有提到無作為。

38、[答案][A] removing its burden of retiree health care

[解析] 因果細節(jié)題。根據(jù) 38 題題干 The long-standing complaint by the 。。。?；匚亩ㄎ?到第 3 段，最后一句：“ The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care， thus。。。。” 。再根據(jù)題干中“ can be addressed by” 即： 通過哪種方式解決，此處為解題要點，通過哪種方式來解決，前后明顯為結(jié)果與途徑的關系， 即可理解為因果關系。文章此句后半句正是題干，thus 前半句為答案 The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care。與 A。 B 。 C 。 D 四個選項匹配后，正確答案為 A removing its burden of retiree health care。

39、[答案][C] discontent

[解析]根據(jù)題干可以判斷本題為觀點態(tài)度題?；匚亩ㄎ坏阶詈笠欢?。題干“the author seems to view legislators with”， 具體定位到最后一段倒數(shù)第 2 句：“ The emerging。。。。。 is a

sign that legislators are getting frightened。。。。。。?！?再根據(jù)題干，問作者最終態(tài)度，本段最后 一句，轉(zhuǎn)折句是作者最終的態(tài)度：“ It is not， however， a sign that they’re getting serious about。。。?！?， 即作者認為他們并沒有認真對待。所以此處作者態(tài)度為否定。匹配 A B C D 四個選項 只有 C discontent( 不滿)為負向信息，所以為正確答案。

40、[答案][D] The Postal Service Needs more than a Band-Aid

[解析]根據(jù)題干特征詞“best title”，這是一道主旨題。根據(jù)前四道題問的主題，第一道 題和第二道題是 USPS 出現(xiàn)了問題，并分析原因，第三道題給出解決方法，第四道題提到作 者對于這個方法的態(tài)度，即提出問題—分析問題—解決問題，并在最后給出作者對這個解決 方案的評價。根據(jù)這個文章框架，首先 A 選項“USPS 開始錯過了它的好時光”，這只是提出 問題，相對片面;B 選項“USPS：不要動我的奶酪”， 這是拒絕解決問題的態(tài)度，不符合文 章的寫作思路;C 選項“USPS：慢性病需要快方法”，這個 chronic 和 quick 都沒有在文中提 到;D 選項“USPS 需要的不僅僅是權(quán)宜之計”，這說的其實作者對于解決方案的評價，在文 章最后一段。這段最后結(jié)尾有 But，有 however， “it[指代前文講的方法] is not a sign……”， 對此作者表示否定態(tài)度。所以 D 選項為正確答案。

Part B

41、[答案] [E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB) commands a…

[析] E 段首先介紹 EEOB 的全稱，對全文進行概述提出話題，可選為 41 題答案。同時， 從給定選項 C 第一句提到 the State， War，and Navy Building…，the 在此特指，可以作為另 一一個線索，在 E 選項中最后一句，復現(xiàn)了 the State， War，and Navy Building。。。。故 41 題答案選 E。

42、[答案][G] The history of the EEOB began long before its…

[解析]C 選項最后一句談到了 many historic events(建筑內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)了歷史事件)，而 G 選項 第一句提到了 the history of the EEOB…(EEOB 的歷史。。。)，意思一致，承上啟下，故 42 題 答案選 G。

43、[答案][A] In December of 1869， Congress appointed…

[解析]確定G后，根據(jù)G選項最后一句，。。。the demolition of the State Department Building (談到拆除 the State Department Building)， 而 A 選項中談到了 select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department，建立一個新的 State Department Building，前 后意思順接，故 43 題答案選 A。

44、[答案][B] Completed in 1875， the State Department’s south wing…

[解析] 根據(jù)給定的 F 段，首句是段落大意，該句提到了。。。as the building slowly rose wing by wing(該建筑逐翼展開)。 而 B 選項第一句談到了。。。south wing was the first to be occupied (首先坐落在南翼)，然后在 B 選項最后一句又談到。。。moved into the east wing(之后又移

至東翼)。 先在 F 段總起，再在 B 段中分說，前后對應，故 44 題答案選 B。

45、[答案][D] Many of the most celebrated national figures…

[解析] B 段結(jié)尾處談到了 where elaborate wall…decorated the office of the Secretary(這 些精美的墻。。。。裝飾了秘書處的辦公室)，而 D 段第一句提到了。。。that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls(歷史事件在這些 EEOB 的墻上呈現(xiàn))， the wall 原詞復現(xiàn)， 兩句話意思一致，故 45 題答案選 D。

Section III Translation

(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama， and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy。

[題目考點]代詞還原;并列結(jié)構(gòu)

[句子結(jié)構(gòu)]and 并列兩個句子，主干分別為：…Europe was witnessing the passing … and the creation of …;of the religious drama 為定語修飾 the passing;under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy 為狀語

[重點詞匯]witness 見證 religious 宗教的 drama 戲劇 incentive 刺激

[參考譯文]莎士比亞出生之時，歐洲宗教戲劇正在消逝，在古典悲劇和戲劇的推動下， 很多新的戲劇形式應運而生。

(47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England。

[題目考點]定語從句;賓語從句;并列結(jié)構(gòu)

[句子結(jié)構(gòu)]主句主干：no boy… could be ignorant that…。who引導的定語從句修飾 boy， that 引導為形容詞 ignorant 的賓語從句，which 引導的定語從句修飾 a form of literature， gave…and might bring honor…為先行詞 a form of literature 的并列謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。

[重點詞匯]grammar school 文法學校 ignorant 忽視 literature 文學 glory 榮耀

[參考譯文]任何文法學校的學生都知道戲劇是一種文學形式，它曾給希臘和羅馬帶來榮 耀，也許同樣會給英格蘭帶來殊榮。

(48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters， and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood。

[題目考點]并列句

[句子結(jié)構(gòu)]并列句主干分別為：…companies prospered … and university men …were quick to…

[重點詞匯]professional 專業(yè)的 prosper 繁榮 permanent theater 一直性劇院

[參考譯文]但是專業(yè)公司的一直性劇院卻興旺起來，于是高校一些有著文學抱負的人迅 速抓住機遇，將其作為一個謀生手段。

(49) A native literary drama had been created， its alliance with the public playhouses established， and at least some of its great traditions had been begun。

[題目考點]伴隨狀語，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，被動語態(tài)

[句子結(jié)構(gòu)]本句是一個由 and 連接的并列句。and 前的句子主干為一個被動語態(tài)的簡單 句：a … drama had been created， with 引導一個伴隨狀語;and 后的句子也為一個被動語 態(tài)的簡單句：some of its great traditions had been begun。

[重點詞匯]alliance 作為名詞意為“聯(lián)盟，聯(lián)合;聯(lián)姻”，常與介詞 with 進行搭配使用。 establish 作為動詞意為“建立，創(chuàng)辦”，也可引申為“誕生”。at least 為固定搭配，表示“至 少”。tradition 作為名詞表示“傳統(tǒng)，慣例”。

[參考譯文]一種本土文學戲劇形式誕生了，它與公共劇院結(jié)成聯(lián)盟，至少它的一些優(yōu)良 傳統(tǒng)開始登上歷史舞臺了。

(50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity， we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost， and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived。

[題目考點]非謂語，賓語從句，定語從句

[句子結(jié)構(gòu)]本句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復雜，主句部分為“we must remember…”，主句之前的非謂 語 to realize 作為目的狀語，后接了一個 how 引導的賓語從句。主句中，兩個 that 分別引導 了兩個 remember 的賓語從句，其中第二個賓語從句中，有一個 whose 引導的定語從句，修 飾 author of note。

[重點詞匯]realize 作為動詞表示“實現(xiàn)，了解，認識到”。dramatic 為 drama 的形容詞形 式，意思為“戲劇的，引人注目的，激動人心的”。survive 作為動詞表示“幸存，活下來; 比…活得長”。hosts of 表示“大量的”。

[參考譯文]為了了解戲劇性活動有多么偉大，我們必須牢記大量的戲劇已經(jīng)被遺忘了， 并且有可能沒有一位知名作家的所有作品都保留了下來。

Section IV Writing

51.[參考范文]

Dear professors，

I’m on behalf of the Students’ Union， am writing this letter to invite all of you to attend the graduation ceremony。

The ceremony will be held in the Sports Hall of our university on this Friday morning， from 9 a.m。 to 11 a.m。 The details about the ceremony are as follows。 First and foremost， the president will make a speech for the graduates， blessing them to have a bright future。 In addition， several experts will be invited to issuing certificates to all the graduates。

It would be a great honor for us to have the accompany of all of you in the graduation ceremony。 Therefore， we all hope that you can spare your time to attend it and we are looking forward to your reply to tell us whether you can attend it or not on that day。

Your sincerely，

Li Ming

52.[參考范文]

Exhibited in the cartoon is a sarcastic scene that sitting before a computer， a college student is choosing his optional class， wondering and pondering whether he should choose an easier course or a tougher but creative course。 Simple as the picture is， the symbolic meaning it conveys is profound and thought-provoking。

It is beyond doubt that the painter aims to tell us that everyone， especially college students，

should have the spirit of creation and innovation。 To put it another way， innovation is an essential and indispensable role for anyone who wants to succeed。 This can be directly attributed to the fact that one may be caught in dilemma， at least once in life。 Such a dilemma may coincidentally be most difficult period in his life。 Then there are two choices before him： making a creative choice or an easier one。 If he chooses the former and tries to break through the barrier， difficult as it will be， success will be the result one day。 However， although it seems to be much easier for him at the moment， the latter choice may kill off his dream and ambition， and such choice then will be a pity all his life。