2020年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)一真題

2020年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（一）試題及答案

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C],or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation s great traditions:the Sunday roast.1____a cold winter's day,few culinary pleasures can 2____it.Yet as we report now.

The food police are determined our health. That this 3____should be rendered yet another quality pleasure 4___to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6____high temperatures.This means that people should 7____ crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin- crust pizzas and only_ 8____toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no 10____ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.

Scientists say the compound is 11____to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12____the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13____to follow the FSA advice.14____,it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15____.

Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17____,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18____,but reduce their lifetime intake.However its 19____risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just 20____ with one listening.

1.[A]In  [B]Towards  [C]On [D]Till

2.[A] match  [B]express  [C]satisfy  [D]influence :

3.[A]patience  [B]enjoyment  [C]surprise  [D]concern

4.[A]intensified  [B]privileged  [C]compelled  [D]guaranteed

5.[A]isued  [B]received  [C]compelled  [D] guaranteed

6.[A]under  [B]at  [C]for  [D]by

7.[A]forget  [B]regret  [C]finish  [D]avoid

8.[A]partially  [B]regular  [C]easily  [D]intally

9.[A]Unless  [B]Since  [C]If [D] While 

10.[A]secondary  [B]external  [C]conclusive  [D]negative

11.[A]insufficient  [B]bound  [C]likely  [D] slow

12.[A]On the basis of  [B]At the cost of  [C]In addition to [D]In contrast to

13.[A]interesting  [B]advisable  [C]urgent  [D]fortunate

14.[A]As usual [B]In particular  [C]By definition  [D]After all

15.[A]resemblance  [B]combination  [C]connection  [D]patterm

16.[A]made  [B]served  [C]saved  [D]used

17.[A]To be fair  [B]For instance  [C]To be brief  [D]In general

18.[A]reluctantly  [B]entirely  [C]gradually  [D]carefully

19.[A]promise  [B]experience  [C]campaign  [D]competition

20.[A]follow up  [B]pick up  [C]open up  [D]end up .

完型填空答案解析：

今年完形填空的難度較前兩年略難，雖然話題不難理解，但不易把握上下文的線索。需要對(duì)文章內(nèi)容有全面和精準(zhǔn)的把握才能做好。主要內(nèi)容講的是雖然烤肉之類的食品是會(huì)對(duì)健康帶來(lái)危害，我們對(duì)這些健康方面的危言聳聽(tīng)也不可過(guò)度恐慌。屬于比較生活的話題。下面我們一起來(lái)看一下答案及解析。

1.【答案】C On

【解析】此處考察介詞詞義辨析。On a cold winter's day意思是在一個(gè)寒冷冬日。介詞on后加具體的某一天;in后加一段時(shí)間，例如in winter，in 2002;toward表方向，不與時(shí)間搭配;till意思是直到，例如till tomorrow，till next week，與句意不符。故正確答案為on。

2.【答案】A match

【解析】此處考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。文章的首段首句提到：即使家庭成員不太可能經(jīng)常坐下來(lái)一起吃飯，但數(shù)百萬(wàn)英國(guó)人將在這個(gè)周末參加這個(gè)最偉大的傳統(tǒng)活動(dòng)之一：星期日烤肉。On a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. 在一個(gè)寒冷的冬日，很少有什么樂(lè)趣與之匹配。match 匹配。express表達(dá)。satisfy滿足，滿意;確信;符合。influence影響。

3.【答案】B enjoyment

【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系。上文說(shuō)到星期日烤肉是一項(xiàng)開(kāi)心的活動(dòng)。后文Yet進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折：然而正如現(xiàn)在報(bào)道的那樣，食品衛(wèi)生部門認(rèn)為這種 3 會(huì)導(dǎo)致另一種有罪的快樂(lè) 4 損害我們的健康。enjoyment樂(lè)趣與上文pleasures和下文another pleasures互為關(guān)聯(lián)信息。patience耐心，耐性。surprise驚喜。concern關(guān)心。

4.【答案】D guaranteed

【解析】 此處考察非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做后置定語(yǔ)的用法。空格所在句指出：這種快樂(lè)會(huì)導(dǎo)致另一種有罪的快樂(lè) 4 損害我們的健康。 guaranteed有保證的，一定的，填入空格處意為：這種快樂(lè)會(huì)導(dǎo)致另一種有罪的快樂(lè)，肯定會(huì)損害我們的健康。 intensified增強(qiáng)，加劇; privileged享有特權(quán)，專用，特許;compelled強(qiáng)迫。

5.【答案】A issued

【解析】此處考察詞義辨析。The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning... 食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管理局 一項(xiàng)公開(kāi)的警告... issued發(fā)表，發(fā)布，發(fā)出;received接收，接到; ignored忽視，忽略;canceled取消。issued a public warning發(fā)出一項(xiàng)公開(kāi)的警告符合文意。

6.【答案】B at

【解析】此處考察介詞辨析。in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures. under在...下面;for為了;因?yàn)?對(duì)于; by在…旁邊; 通過(guò); 由于; 經(jīng)過(guò)。

7.【答案】D avoid

【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系。7空句首this mean代詞this指代上文高溫炙烤的食物里會(huì)有化學(xué)復(fù)合物有害人體身體健康。所以下文提出建議人們應(yīng)該 7 炸土豆，不吃薄皮披薩并且...7空同時(shí)也與reject構(gòu)成語(yǔ)義并列的關(guān)系，故avoid正確。forget忘記;regret 后悔;finish完成。

8.【答案】A partially

【解析】此處考察詞義辨析+上下文語(yǔ)境。...and only__8__ toast their bread. 8空前文說(shuō)到建議人們不吃炸土豆，薄皮披薩或者只是 8 烤面包。partially部分地，偶爾地;regularly有規(guī)律地; easily 容易地;initially最初地。故A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.【答案】D While

【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系+邏輯連接詞辨析。 __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans. 9 研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神經(jīng)損傷，但是沒(méi)有 10 證據(jù)表明它會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類患癌癥。前后句為轉(zhuǎn)折/對(duì)比/讓步的邏輯關(guān)系，故選擇while表示雖然，盡管。Unless除非，表?xiàng)l件的邏輯關(guān)系;Since因?yàn)椋硪蚬壿?If如果，表?xiàng)l件的邏輯關(guān)系。

10.【答案】C conclusive

【解析】此處考察詞義辨析+上下文語(yǔ)境。 9 研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神經(jīng)損傷，但是沒(méi)有 10 證據(jù)表明它會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類患癌癥。conclusive決定性的; 令人信服的; 確鑿的

secondary第二的，中等的;間接的; external外面的，外部的; 表面上的; 外用的; 外國(guó)的; negative消極的，否認(rèn)的。

11.【答案】C likely

【解析】此處考察固定搭配。be likely to 可能。insufficient 不足的，不夠的;bound捆綁的，束縛的，有義務(wù)的;slow緩慢的。

12.【答案】A On the basis of

【解析】此處考察短語(yǔ)辨析+上下文邏輯。__12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. 12 預(yù)防性原則，可以說(shuō)遵循FSA的建議是 13 。 On the basis of以...為基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)，按照;At the cost of以...為代價(jià);In addition to除...之外; In contrast to與之相對(duì)，相反。

13.【答案】B advisable

【解析】此處考察形容詞詞義辨析。 根據(jù)預(yù)防性原則，可以說(shuō)遵循FSA的建議是 13 。interesting有趣的; advisable明智的，可取的; urgent急迫的; fortunate僥幸的，幸運(yùn)的。

14.【答案】D After all

【解析】考察邏輯關(guān)系。原文中上一句說(shuō)“基于“預(yù)防原則”，可以認(rèn)為最好遵循FSA的建議”。本句說(shuō)“在有證據(jù)證明吸煙與癌癥之間的聯(lián)系之前，吸煙導(dǎo)致癌癥的傳言就已經(jīng)流傳多年了。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)分析，As usual像往常一樣，In particular尤其，特別，By definition根據(jù)定義，After all 畢竟，只有After all符合文意。

15.【答案】C connection

【解析】本題考察動(dòng)賓搭配，結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和句子成分理解，這里的名詞放在prove“證明”后面，整體處在不定式中做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)evidence，這里“證據(jù)”應(yīng)該是證明出來(lái)(吸煙和肺癌)有聯(lián)系的，故選擇connection。Resemblance相似，combination結(jié)合，pattern模式，均不符合。

16.【答案】B served

【解析】本題考察主謂搭配，此處為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，和主語(yǔ)a piece of boiled beef 構(gòu)成實(shí)際上的“動(dòng)賓關(guān)系”，句意“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，一片煮熟的牛肉總能在周日和一些蒸蔬菜一起__16__”。這里served up 表示“上菜，端上”正和文意。而其他選項(xiàng)made制作，saved節(jié)省，used使用，均不符合。

17.【答案】A To be fair

【解析】本題考察主謂搭配，上一句說(shuō)“但是生命值得過(guò)下去嗎?”本句話說(shuō)，“英FSA表示，它并沒(méi)有告訴人們....不吃烘焙食品”，可見(jiàn)后文并沒(méi)有對(duì)上文進(jìn)行舉例(for instance)或總結(jié)(To be brief)或表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情(in general)，故，應(yīng)該選擇順承關(guān)系的To be fair。

18.【答案】B entirely

【解析】此處考察副詞的修飾關(guān)系。本句話句意為“英FSA表示，它并沒(méi)有告訴人們不吃烘焙食品__18__”。結(jié)合各選項(xiàng)分析：reluctantly不情愿地，entirely完全地，gradually逐漸地，carefully小心謹(jǐn)慎地，能跟前面的否定詞not呼應(yīng)使用表示一種部分否定的，只能是entirely才合適，not ...entirely表示“并未完全...”。

19.【答案】C campaign

【解析】本題考察主謂搭配。根據(jù)原文語(yǔ)境“然而，他們(FSA)的...有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)給人一種‘勸誘式’保姆的感覺(jué)” ，答案campaign表示“(開(kāi)展的)運(yùn)動(dòng)，活動(dòng)”放在這里最合適。promise承諾，experience經(jīng)歷或經(jīng)驗(yàn)，competition競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，均不能體現(xiàn)本文中FSA所做行為的代稱。

20.【答案】D end up

【解析】考察動(dòng)賓搭配，這里的句義是“持續(xù)不斷的健康威脅__20__卻沒(méi)有人在聽(tīng)?！边@里想強(qiáng)調(diào)太多的的對(duì)健康的恐慌的最終結(jié)果，只有“結(jié)束，以...告終”這個(gè)含義最符合，所以選擇end up， 而follow up跟蹤，堅(jiān)持完成，pick up撿起，拾起，偶然學(xué)到，open up打開(kāi)，開(kāi)發(fā)，均不符合文義。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below cach text by choosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)

Text 1

A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK“town of culture"award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in 220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town,it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attracting funding and creating jobs.

Some 1might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of Furopean capital of culture,a sough after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture?Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?

It is also wise lo recall that such titles are not a cure-al1.A badly run“year of culture"washes in and out ofa place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community.groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.

A“town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.

21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a“town of culture" award could_____

[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.

[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.

[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.

[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.

22.According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as______

[A]a sensible compromise.

[B]a self-deceiving attempt.

[C]an eye catching bonus

[D]an inaccessible target.

23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful onlyif it_____

[A]endeavours to maintain its image.

[B]meets the aspirations of its people.

[C]brings its local arts to prominence.

[D]commits to its long-term growth.

24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present_____

[A]a contrasting case.

(B]a supporting example.

[C]a background story.

[D]a related topic.

25.What is the author 's attitude towards the proposal?

[A]Skeptical.

[B]Objective.

[C]Favourable.

[D]Critical.

Text1答案解析

21 C 這道題是細(xì)節(jié)題。題干問(wèn)庫(kù)珀和她的同事們認(rèn)為“文化之城”這一獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)可能會(huì)怎樣可以定位在第一段第三句：“Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,……” “赫爾之冠”的成功并不局限于城市，它為赫爾帶來(lái)了2.2億歐元的投資和大量藝術(shù)作品。英國(guó)的城鎮(zhèn)，確實(shí)沒(méi)有被阻止申請(qǐng)，但他們通常缺乏資源來(lái)湊齊一點(diǎn)來(lái)?yè)魯∷麄兏蟮母?jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。有人認(rèn)為，“文化之城”獎(jiǎng)可以成為一項(xiàng)年度活動(dòng)，吸引資金并創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。所以能看出答案是C. 增強(qiáng)英國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力。

22 B a self-deceiving attempt

該題是推斷題, 題干問(wèn):根據(jù)第二段，這一提議或許會(huì)被一些人認(rèn)為是…….。 可以定位在第二段第一句“Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that……”“有些人可能會(huì)把這個(gè)提議看作是一個(gè)噓聲，因?yàn)橛?guó)已經(jīng)不能再申請(qǐng)更有聲望的歐洲文化之都的稱號(hào)了……” 能看出來(lái)有些人是持反面態(tài)度的。很多人不認(rèn)識(shí)boo，但是也能從后面的on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for,在絕望地為英國(guó)退歐后的世界重塑形象之際，英國(guó)即將消失在一場(chǎng)無(wú)休止的自我慶祝熱潮之中. 接下來(lái)幾個(gè)反問(wèn)句，能看出來(lái)是一種自我欺騙的嘗試，所以選擇B。

23 D commits to its long-term growth

該題也是細(xì)節(jié)題, 題干問(wèn):作者認(rèn)為這個(gè)頭銜的持有者是成功的只要它……可以定位到第三段第三句，這些頭銜真正成功的持有者，是那些除了為酒店帶來(lái)收入、帶來(lái)引人注目的藝術(shù)活動(dòng)和一年的良好報(bào)道之外，還做了很多事情的人。它們轉(zhuǎn)變了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦脑竿?他們將城市的自我形象推向更大膽、更樂(lè)觀的一面。所以能看出只要他把致力于鄉(xiāng)村的長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展中，這個(gè)頭銜就會(huì)是成功的。

24 A. a contrasting case

這題是寫作目的題， 題干說(shuō)：第3段提到格拉斯哥是為了展現(xiàn)什么?？梢远ㄎ坏降谌蔚箶?shù)第一句?？梢钥吹角懊嬗忻黠@的BUT， 知道和前面的意思成相反?！斑@個(gè)問(wèn)題很難解決，需要高度的遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)卓識(shí)，也需要城市當(dāng)局、私營(yíng)部門、社區(qū)團(tuán)體和文化組織之間的合作。但這是可以做到的:格拉斯哥作為歐洲文化之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列復(fù)雜的因素之一，這些因素把這座城市變成了藝術(shù)、音樂(lè)和戲劇的力量，直到今天?！?

25 D favourable

這題是作者態(tài)度題，問(wèn)作者對(duì)于這個(gè)建議的態(tài)度。第一段是提出該建議。第二段是一些人認(rèn)為這個(gè)建議有點(diǎn)吹噓。而只有最后一段能看出作者對(duì)此建議的態(tài)度，“一個(gè)“文化之城”不僅僅是藝術(shù)之城，而且要尊重一個(gè)城市的特色——幫助維持它的商業(yè)街，支持當(dāng)?shù)氐脑O(shè)施，最重要的是贊美它的人民，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為行動(dòng)?！彼阅芸闯鍪欠e極贊成的態(tài)度。

Text 2

Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.

With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.

The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than f900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than f210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among is users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.

In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all Brtish scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.

Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to S5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these“article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.

26.Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because______

[A]its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.

[B]its marketing strategy has been successful.

[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.

[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.

27.According to Paragraphs 2 and 3,scientific publishers Elsevier have_____

[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.

[B]gone through an existential crisis.

[C]revived the publishing industry.

[D]financed researchers generously.

28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?______

[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concermed.

[D]Encouraged.

29.It can be learmned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms_____

[A]allow publishers some room to make money.

[B]render publishing much easier for scientists.

[C]reduce the cost of publication subtantially

[D]free universities from financial burdens.

30.Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?______

[A]Trial subscription is offered.

[B]Labour triumphs over status.

[C]Costs are well controlled.

[D]The few feed on the many.

Text 2 答案解析

26, 細(xì)節(jié)題 D its content acquisition cost nothing

根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞a licence to print money because ,定位到第一段第二句，其他科學(xué)家也免費(fèi)進(jìn)行同行評(píng)議的專門工作，因?yàn)樗谦@得地位和生產(chǎn)科學(xué)知識(shí)的核心要素。正確選項(xiàng)D，acquisition原詞， for free替換選項(xiàng)中的，cost nothing.

27, 細(xì)節(jié)題 A thrived mainly on universities libraries

根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Elsevier定位到第三段第一句話，The Dutch giant Elsevier, ....made profits of more than 490m last year. while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,該公司去年利潤(rùn)超過(guò)4.9億英鎊 然而僅英國(guó)大學(xué)在2016年就花費(fèi)了超過(guò)2.1億英鎊。正確選項(xiàng)A 主要依靠大學(xué)圖書館 為定位句的同意表達(dá)

28態(tài)度題 B concerned

根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句， The success of Sci- Hub, .... have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants這表明法律生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在其用戶中已經(jīng)失去了合法性，必須進(jìn)行改造，以便為所有參與者服務(wù). 可見(jiàn)作者對(duì)于Sci- Hub的成功采取否定態(tài)度，正確選項(xiàng)B concerned擔(dān)憂，擔(dān)心。A relieved寬慰的，C puzzled困惑的屬錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)， D encouraged鼓勵(lì)的，正反混淆

29推斷題 A allow publishers some room to make money

根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞open access定位到第四段，最后一句 ...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取費(fèi)用是未來(lái)出版商能夠獲利，A選項(xiàng)為同義替換。B render publishing much easier for scientists使發(fā)表對(duì)科學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)容易得多 .C reduce the cost of publication substantiality 降低出版成本 D. free universities from financial burdens使大學(xué)擺脫財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)

30 細(xì)節(jié)題 D the few feed on the many

根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞scientific publishing model定位到最后一段第五句，labour is provided places free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.勞動(dòng)力被免費(fèi)提供，以換取地位的希望，而一些經(jīng)營(yíng)市場(chǎng)的大公司則獲得了巨額利潤(rùn)。 可知少部分作者免費(fèi)勞動(dòng)，大部分公司盈利，A選項(xiàng)為同義替換

Text 3

Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.

A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,to ensure “gender parity"on boards and commissions, provide a case in commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.

The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the irst state to require gender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure,California Govermor Jery Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutional.

The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an“important"policy interest,Because the California law applies to all boards,ever where there is no history of prior discrimination,courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of“equal protection”.

But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women.in the general population,but so what?

The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without govenment interference.According to a study by Catalyst,between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.

Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.

Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a“golden skirt"phenomenon. where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.

Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.

31.The author believes hat the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will_____

[A] help lttle to reduce gender bias.

[B] pose a threat to the state government.

[C] raise women's position in politics.

[D] greatly broaden career options.

32.Which of the following is true of the Califomnia measure?____

[A] It has irritated private business owners.

[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.

[C]It may go against the Constitution.

[D] It will setle the prior controversies.

33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate_____

[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.

[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees.

[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.

[D] the needlessness of government interventions.

34.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to_____

[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.

[B] the objection to female participation on bards.

[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.

[D] the growing tension between Labor and management.

35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?_____

IAI Women's need in employment should be considered

[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.

[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.

[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.

Text 3答案解析

31 態(tài)度題 A help little to reduce gender bias

縱觀全文，文章一直在論述該法案，在最后一段作者提出了自己的想法，下次有人把企業(yè)配額作為促進(jìn)性別平等的一種方式。請(qǐng)記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺(jué)良好，但其實(shí)并沒(méi)有什么幫助，由此可見(jiàn)作者對(duì)此法案采取否定態(tài)度，A help little to reduce gender bias對(duì)減少性別偏見(jiàn)沒(méi)什么幫助為同義替換的正確選項(xiàng)

32 細(xì)節(jié)題 C it may go against the constitution

根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 California measures定位到原文第五段第二句，Because the California law applies to all boards, ... courts are likely to rule that the law violate the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection" violate 違反憲法，選項(xiàng)C against替換violate為正確選項(xiàng)

33. 例證題 D the needlessness of government interventions

根據(jù)題干中catalyst替換到第7段，論點(diǎn)為上一句The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government . 在沒(méi)有政府的情況下，公司董事會(huì)中的婦女人數(shù)一直在穩(wěn)步增加?？梢?jiàn)D選項(xiàng)中the needlessness of government interventions政府干預(yù)的不必要性

34 細(xì)節(jié)題 C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board

根據(jù)Norway定位到倒數(shù)第三段第一句，要求將性別作為董事會(huì)成員的主要資格，必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致私營(yíng)部門董事會(huì)減少。緊接著下文董事會(huì)成員的機(jī)會(huì)越來(lái)越多，卻沒(méi)有合格的女性來(lái)?yè)?dān)任董事會(huì)成員， 由此可見(jiàn)會(huì)有不合格的人進(jìn)入董事會(huì)，正確選項(xiàng)C 不合格候選人進(jìn)入董事會(huì)

35 推斷 B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking 由最后一段可知，下次有人把企業(yè)配額作為促進(jìn)性別平等的一種方式。請(qǐng)記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺(jué)良好，但其實(shí)并沒(méi)有什么幫助。由此可知該政策并不可取，正確選項(xiàng)B可行性應(yīng)是決策的首要考慮因素

Text 4

Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services.Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax,"meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple,Facebook and Amazon-in other words,mutinational tech companies based in the United States.

The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure,and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite States trade representative opening a investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in tum could lead to trade sanctions against France.

The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue.Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions.These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law),and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test,to.name but a few.At the same time,the European Union,Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.

These unilateral developments differ in their specifics,but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if intermnational tax rules do not grant them that right.In other words,they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.

In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution.Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the interational tax system.

France's planned tax is a clear waning:Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system.other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.

36. The French Senate has passed a bill to____

[A] regulate digital services platforms.

[B] protect French companies' interests.

[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.

[D] curb the influence of advertising.

37. It can be learmned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax_____

[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.

[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.

[C] aims to ease intermational trade tensions.

[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.

38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that_____

[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.

[B] the current intermational tax system needs upgrading

[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.

[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.

39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECO'S current work_____

[A] is being resisted by Us companies.

[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.

[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.

[D] needs to involve more countries.

40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?_____

[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions

[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax

[C]France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals

[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy

Text4答案解析

36. 【C】 impose a levy on tech multinationals 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干直接定位到第一段第一句話 a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services…;選項(xiàng)C中的“l(fā)evy”和“tax”同義復(fù)現(xiàn);“tech multinationals” 和digital services 同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。因此C為正確答案，奇遇選項(xiàng)均未體現(xiàn)。

37.【A】may trigger countermeasures against France 推斷題。根據(jù)提干定位到第二段，第二段第二句話but it has already sparked significant controversy,…,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France(這已經(jīng)引起了巨大的反抗，…, 反過(guò)來(lái)也會(huì)導(dǎo)致針對(duì)法國(guó)的貿(mào)易制裁)和選項(xiàng)A相一致;其中選項(xiàng)中的“trigger”和原文的“l(fā)ead to”同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，“sanction”和“countermeasure”同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。其余選項(xiàng)均未體現(xiàn)。

38.【B】the current international tax system needs upgrading 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四段最后一句話 “they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy(他們都認(rèn)為國(guó)際稅收體系并未跟上當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì))。選項(xiàng)B目前的國(guó)際稅收體系需要升級(jí)是該句話的反義復(fù)現(xiàn)。其余選項(xiàng)均為體現(xiàn)。

39.【C】is faced with uncertain prospects 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)提干定位到第五段最后一句話”raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system(對(duì)于國(guó)際稅收體系的未來(lái)充滿疑慮)”和選項(xiàng)C相一致。其中選項(xiàng)中的“uncertain”和原文中的“raise questions”同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，“prospects”和原文中的 “future”同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。

40【B】France leads the charge on digital tax 主旨題。題干中的title為標(biāo)題題的信息，所以此題考查的是文章的主旨大意。B 選項(xiàng)里的 tax是貫穿全文的主旨詞;而文章以法國(guó)對(duì)數(shù)字服務(wù)征稅為起點(diǎn)，全文描寫了包括法國(guó)在內(nèi)的其它對(duì)全球稅收系統(tǒng)的擔(dān)憂，因此選項(xiàng)B和文章的主旨相符合。剩余選項(xiàng)均選項(xiàng)未能體現(xiàn)文章關(guān)鍵詞和全文主旨。

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41 -45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

[A] Eye fixations are brief

[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to rude

[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal

[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact

[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated

[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers

[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.

In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way.But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact:

41._________________________

We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back.This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood,looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention.It can catch someone 's attention in a crowded room,“Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.

42._________________________

Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms,who may tend to avoid eye contact.Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.

43.__________________________

With the use of eye-tracking technology,Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation.While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations,it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations.“Whether you're a politician or a parent,it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,"said Minson.

44.___________________________

When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time,often on the eyes or mouth.These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots.How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.

45.____________________________

In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. “Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ."A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.

Part B答案解析

41.答案：C. Eye contact can be a friendly social signal

解析：本段第三句說(shuō)了，“can be a complimentary significant of paying attention”，此外本段最后一句也說(shuō)：眼神接觸和微笑能signal availability and confidence發(fā)送可用性和自信的信號(hào)。都說(shuō)明眼神接觸是個(gè)友善的社交信號(hào)。 因此選C。

42.答案：E

解析：本段第一句就出現(xiàn)了hormone 荷爾蒙，此外，本段中出現(xiàn)的oxytocin催產(chǎn)素，hign-functioning高官能，autistic spectrum symptoms自閉癥譜系癥狀等詞都說(shuō)明是在聊生物因素。最后一句中還有explore探索，brain scanning 腦部掃描。所以選E

43. 答案：G

解析：本段第一句就說(shuō)了eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages，depending on the situation眼神接觸根據(jù)不同情況會(huì)發(fā)出不同的訊息。下一句主干說(shuō)在不利環(huán)境中，會(huì)與dominance支配or intimidation恫嚇有關(guān)聯(lián)。因此G為正確答案。

44.答案：A

解析 ：本段第一句就提到了time，第二句清楚地說(shuō)到了These pauses typically occur at about three per second，通常每秒三次，充分說(shuō)明很快，所以選A。

45. 答案：D

解析：第一句話中就有personality。在引用中轉(zhuǎn)折之后，but their brain reactions also differ人們腦部反應(yīng)不同，最后一句話更加明確說(shuō)到高負(fù)能量的人更覺(jué)得被人直視令人不舒服。因此選D。

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With (the gap between) the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.

During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations. many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the Ptolemaic and Aristotlean geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.Copernicus theorised in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense.Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentricprinciple.

48.Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made, and at a ratethat the people一including the Church一could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.

The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.

The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase ‘sapere aude' or‘dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.

PartC答案解析：

46.隨著文藝復(fù)興使教會(huì)的指導(dǎo)和思考方式黯然失色，中世紀(jì)和現(xiàn)代的差距已然擴(kuò)大，導(dǎo)向嶄新的和未經(jīng)探索的知識(shí)領(lǐng)域。

47.在他們?nèi)魏我晃唤衣妒聦?shí)之前，當(dāng)時(shí)的許多思想家維持著更為古老的思考方式,包括地心說(shuō)的觀點(diǎn)，即地球是宇宙的中心。

48.盡管教會(huì)嘗試去壓制新- -代的邏輯學(xué)家和理性主義者,但更多對(duì)宇宙如何運(yùn)行的探索以- -種人們無(wú)法忽視的速度不斷開(kāi)展。

49.許多人負(fù)起責(zé)任，嘗試將理性與科學(xué)的哲學(xué)融入這個(gè)世界，文藝復(fù)興結(jié)束，是時(shí)候走進(jìn)新時(shí)代了。

50.一個(gè)拉丁語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)表達(dá)了這種尋求知識(shí)并理解我們已知信息的行動(dòng): ’sapereaude',或‘敢于求知’

SectionⅢ writing

Part A 

The student union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students

about an upcoming singing contest.Write a notice in about 100 words.

Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name in the notice.(10 points)

[參考范文]

Notice

Dec.21, 2019

In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you,the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.

Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students' union @ sohu.com before next Wednesday.Besides,there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity.Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerming the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.

We are looking forward to your participation.

The Students' Union

【參考譯文】

通知

2019年12月21日

為了豐富校園生活，為大家提供豐富多彩的生活，學(xué)生會(huì)正在籌備即將于2019年12月31日晚在我校大禮堂舉行的歌唱比賽?，F(xiàn)在，學(xué)生會(huì)正在為這次比賽招募選手。

有意報(bào)名或有意報(bào)名的同學(xué)請(qǐng)于下周三之前將報(bào)名表發(fā)送至學(xué)生會(huì)@sohu.com.此外,本次活動(dòng)還設(shè)有豐厚的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。如果您對(duì)歌唱比賽有任何疑問(wèn)，請(qǐng)隨時(shí)與我們聯(lián)系。同時(shí)，我們也非常需要這次活動(dòng)的志愿者來(lái)協(xié)助我們組織相關(guān)的事務(wù)。

我們期待您的參與。

學(xué)生會(huì)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below.In your essay,you should

1) describe the picture briefly,

2) interpret the implied meaning. am

3) give your comments.

Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)