2015年揚州大學(xué)考博英語真題及答案(翻譯)

希賽網(wǎng)為考生們整理了2015年揚州大學(xué)考博英語翻譯部分真題及答案，供考生們備考復(fù)習(xí)。

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

At its most fundamental level, a theory is a set of statements about natural phenomena that explains why these phenomena occur the way they do. In the sciences, theories are used in what Kuhn calls the job of “puzzle solving”. By this Kuhn means that scientists look at observable phenomena as puzzles or questions to be solved. Why does the earth revolve around the sun and not fly off into space? Why are humans bipedal but the other primates are knuckle-walkers? These are all questions about things that confront us everyday, and it is the job of scientists to account for them.

In short, then, the first duty of a theory is to account for or explain observed phenomena. But a theory ought to do more than that. A theory also ought to make predictions about what would occur under specific conditions. Let’s look at one familiar example.

In the early part of the 19th century, scientists were already aware of the presence of microorganisms in the air and water, and they had an idea about the connection between the organisms and disease. However, they had no idea of how they came into existence; indeed, belief in the spontaneous generation of these organisms was widespread. “Bad air” was thought to cause disease. Careful experimentation by Louis Pasteur and other scientists demonstrated that microbes, though carried by air, are not created by air. Living organisms come from other living organisms. These discoveries led to the development of the germ theory of disease, which proposed that disease was caused by microorganisms. The acceptance of this theory had obvious important applications in public health, such as the development of vaccines, hygienic practices in surgery, and the pasteurization of milk. It not only could explain the presence and spread of disease, it could also predict, for example, that doctors who delivered babies without washing their hands after performing autopsies (尸體解剖) on patients who had died from childbirth fever would transmit the disease to new patients. Even more important, the same theory could be used to connect phenomena that on the surface appeared unrelated, such as the transmittal of disease, fermentation processes in wine and beer production.

試題答案：

從最基本的層面來說，理論是一套關(guān)于自然現(xiàn)象的陳述，用來解釋為什么這些現(xiàn)象會以這種方式發(fā)生。在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，理論被用于庫恩所謂的“解謎”工作。庫恩的意思是，科學(xué)家把可觀察到的現(xiàn)象看作是謎題或待解決的問題。為什么地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)而不飛向太空?為什么人類是兩足行走，而其他靈長類動物是用關(guān)節(jié)行走?這些是我們每天都要面對的問題，而解釋這些問題是科學(xué)家的工作。

那么，簡而言之，理論的首要職責(zé)就是說明或解釋所觀察到的現(xiàn)象。但理論所做的應(yīng)該不止這些。理論還應(yīng)該預(yù)測在特定條件下會發(fā)生什么。讓我們看一個熟悉的例子。

早在19世紀初，科學(xué)家們就已經(jīng)意識到空氣和水中存在微生物，他們對微生物和疾病之間的聯(lián)系有了一個想法。然而，他們不知道它們是如何形成的;事實上，人們普遍相信這些生物是自發(fā)產(chǎn)生的?！霸愀獾目諝狻北徽J為會導(dǎo)致疾病。路易斯?巴斯德和其他科學(xué)家經(jīng)過仔細的實驗得出證明，微生物雖然通過空氣傳播，但不是由空氣產(chǎn)生的。生物體來自于其他生物。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了疾病的微生物理論的發(fā)展，該理論提出疾病是由微生物引起的。接受這一理論在公共衛(wèi)生方面有明顯的重要應(yīng)用，如疫苗的研制、外科手術(shù)的衛(wèi)生規(guī)范以及牛奶的巴氏殺菌。它不僅可以解釋疾病的存在和傳播，它還可以預(yù)測，例如，接生完之后未洗手的醫(yī)生在對死于分娩發(fā)燒的病人進行尸檢之后，會將疾病傳染給新病人。更重要的是，同樣的理論可以用來聯(lián)系表面上不相關(guān)的現(xiàn)象，如疾病的傳播，葡萄酒和啤酒生產(chǎn)中的發(fā)酵過程。

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