摘要:語(yǔ)法的學(xué)習(xí)可以是是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中最難理解的了,那么怎么復(fù)習(xí)考博英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法呢?希賽網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)頻道為大家分享相關(guān)內(nèi)容,更多考試相關(guān)資訊,請(qǐng)關(guān)注希賽網(wǎng)考博英語(yǔ)頻道。
語(yǔ)法的復(fù)習(xí)是比較枯燥的,同時(shí)對(duì)于參加博士生入學(xué)考試的學(xué)員來(lái)說(shuō),基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法的學(xué)習(xí)已經(jīng)是很久之前的事情了。要想在短期內(nèi)提高語(yǔ)法基本功,最理想的辦法就是復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和做題。以下是小編為大家整理分享的考博英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,希望能給大家提供幫助。
?指人的關(guān)系代詞:who, whom, whose, that 的用法:
(1) 作主語(yǔ)(who, that )
the man who/that is talking with mr. wang is a famous doctor.
正在和王先生說(shuō)話的那個(gè)人是一個(gè)有名的醫(yī)生。
在本句中,先行詞是the man;關(guān)系代詞who/that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞is talking的主語(yǔ)。
這個(gè)復(fù)合句可以還原成兩個(gè)句子:the man is a famous doctor. he is talking with mr. wang.
(2) 作賓語(yǔ)包括作介詞賓語(yǔ)(whom, that )。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;
this is just the man (whom/that) i want for the job.這正是我要的做這份工作的人。
在本句中,先行詞是the man;關(guān)系代詞whom/that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞want 的賓語(yǔ)。
(3) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),不能用that,也不能省略,
如:the book from which i got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.
我從中得到許多有用信息的那本書(shū)是一位著名科學(xué)家寫(xiě)的。
?指物的關(guān)系代詞which和that的用法:
1. 作主語(yǔ)
this is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the computer.
這是那本教你如何操作計(jì)算機(jī)的說(shuō)明手冊(cè)。
2. 作賓語(yǔ)包括作介詞賓館。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略:
the chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.
你昨天弄壞的那把椅子現(xiàn)在正在修理。
3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物,作定語(yǔ)。of which 可用whose 代替;
the car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father’s.
那輛所有的燈都破了的汽車(chē)是我父親的。
4.關(guān)系代詞的格應(yīng)與它在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞忠恢隆L貏e要注意插入語(yǔ),
如:peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. peter 是那個(gè)人人都認(rèn)為不能完成合同的人。(everybody believes 是插入語(yǔ))
5.關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句的動(dòng)詞必須和先行詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)一致:
例:these are the operating instructions that/which are written in english 。
這就是用英文寫(xiě)成的使用說(shuō)明。
6.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不用that,只用who(whose, whom)和which代表人和物;
例:her brothers, both of whom work in america, ring her up every week。
她的兄弟們——兩個(gè)人都在美國(guó)工作——每個(gè)星期都給她打電話。
7.關(guān)系副詞(=介詞+關(guān)系代詞):
例:i shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met.
我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我們第一次見(jiàn)面的那一天。
this is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live.
這就是我父母以前住過(guò)的房子。
注意事項(xiàng):
(1)在非正式場(chǎng)合, that有時(shí)可用來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞或相當(dāng)于關(guān)系副詞的“介詞+which”,而且經(jīng)常全部省略,
如:in all the years that (=when/during which) i was at collage
在我讀大學(xué)的那些年里
the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy
他不高興的理由
(2)是用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞:
關(guān)系詞(包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞)是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞,一要看關(guān)系詞在從句當(dāng)中作什么成分;二要看關(guān)系詞所代表的是人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)還是原因;三要看所引導(dǎo)的是限定性定語(yǔ)從句還是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。所以同樣的先行詞會(huì)有不同的關(guān)系詞,這是因?yàn)殛P(guān)系詞在從句當(dāng)中擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)淖饔貌煌鴽Q定的。
如:this is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the new year.
這是我們將要在里面慶賀新年的房間。(充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))
this is the house where she lives.這是她住的房子。
【比較:this is the house (that/which) she has bought. 這是她買(mǎi)的房子。this is the house that/which i’ve told you is extremely expensive.這就是我和你說(shuō)過(guò)極其昂貴的那幢房子。】
that is the reason why he did not come that morning.
那就是那天上午他沒(méi)來(lái)的原因。
(3)定語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)。如果主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),從句的動(dòng)作與主句的同時(shí)發(fā)生,那么該從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)、用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
例:anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric shock.
任何碰這根電線的人將受到電擊。(不用will touch)
注:①先行詞有較高級(jí)形容詞修飾時(shí),常用that,而不用which:
例:edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived.
愛(ài)迪生是曾經(jīng)有過(guò)的最偉大的發(fā)明家之一。
②先行詞有the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the only, much, little, none, any, every等時(shí),常用that, 而不用which:
例:he was the first man that we saw in the village.
他是我們?cè)谀莻€(gè)村子里看到的第一個(gè)人。
there is little that is interesting.
沒(méi)什么令人感興趣。
③當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),用that,不用which,
如:we were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited.
我們參觀過(guò)的工人及他們的工作條件留下了深刻印象。
④在same和such之后,定語(yǔ)從句用as引導(dǎo),
如:let’s discuss only such questions as concern us.
讓我們只討論與我們有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。
such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china.
我們車(chē)間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國(guó)制造的。
但是,如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作在將來(lái)不同的時(shí)間發(fā)生,則兩部分都要用來(lái)將來(lái)時(shí),
as 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句即可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子。當(dāng)as在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),后面常接下列句型。如:as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。
例如:as we all know, mr. wang is a good teacher.
as is known to all, the earth revolves round the sun.
he is tired, as you can see.
as i expected, he didn’t believe me.
as 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)與which的區(qū)別:當(dāng)主句和從句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí),用as;反之,用which。
如:he made a long speech, as was expected.
he made a long speech, which was unexpected.
tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
但是,如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作在將來(lái)不同的時(shí)間發(fā)生,則兩部分都要用來(lái)將來(lái)時(shí),
注:⑤在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,也可用復(fù)雜介詞,如:by means of (用,依靠),as a result of (作為結(jié)果)等:
例:i have three children, one daughter and two sons, all of whom graduated from the same university .
我有三個(gè)孩子:一個(gè)女兒、兩個(gè)兒子,他們都畢業(yè)于同一所大學(xué)。
the police, in whom i have great confidence, are trying to find out who did it.
我對(duì)警察有極大的信心,他們正在努力尋找是誰(shuí)做的這件事。
注:⑥一個(gè)先行詞后面可以跟一個(gè)以上的定語(yǔ)從句,這種現(xiàn)象叫雙重關(guān)系從句:
例:here are some words which are often used but which are very confusing.
這里有些常用但非常混亂的詞。
he is the only person that i can find who is able to solve the problem.
他是我能找到的解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的人。
但是當(dāng)介詞放在從句末尾時(shí),作為介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以用that 并且可以省略。
如上頭兩句可改為:
the book (that /which) i got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.
who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?
注:以上內(nèi)容來(lái)源于網(wǎng)絡(luò),如有侵權(quán),可聯(lián)系客服刪除。
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