2007年考研英語真題及答案詳解完整版

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.

1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals

2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully

3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected

4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted

5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return

6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally

7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical

8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform

9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover

10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by

11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded

12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While

13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against

14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence

15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish

16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised

17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original

18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher

19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred

20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for

文章中心：完型填空的命題理論規(guī)定，文章的中心思想一般體現(xiàn)在文章首段的首句;有時首段首句其他段落的首句共同表達文章中心思想。因此，在選擇具體題目答案前，把握文章中心對于理解文章語句，把握邏輯關系，確定語意銜接提供了足夠的信息依據。

文章首段主題句敘述到By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成為獨立。

本文的中心思想為 前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放以及面對的問題。

題目解析：

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future.

1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants [C]peoples [D]individuals

2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly [D]hopefully

1. 語意辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，在句子中充當主語。句子敘述到The roughly 20 million

of these nations looked to the future. “這些大概有2000萬…對未來…。”

選項A. natives 本地人;

B. inhabitant居民;

C. peoples 民族;

D. individuals個體。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項A. natives 本地人，“這些大概有2000萬本地人…”，符合句子含義;選項B. inhabitant居民，“這些大概有2000萬居民…”，符合句子含義;選項C. peoples 民族，“這些大概有2000萬個民族”，顯然有悖于常理，不符合句子含義;選項D. individuals個體，“這些大概有2000萬個體…”，不符合句子含義，個體一般用于區(qū)分于集體時使用。選項A和B都可以在句子中做主語，確定該題目為語意辨析題。前面相鄰語句(或文章中心思想)敘述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成為獨立。”本句解釋了這些居住在擺脫殖民地地位而獨立的的人們對于未來的態(tài)度。因此，正確答案為B。

2. 語意辨析題 本題目選擇副詞，在句子中做狀語。句子敘述到The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked to the future. “這些大概有2000萬居民對未來…?！?選項A. confusedly困惑地;

B. cheerfully 高興的;

C. worried 擔心的;

D. hopefully 充滿期待地。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項A. confusedly困惑地，“這些大概有2000萬居民對未來感到困惑”，符合句子含義;選項B. cheerfully 高興的，“這些大概有2000萬居民對未來感到高興”，符合句子含義;選項C. worried 擔心的，“這些大概有2000萬居民對未來感到擔心”，符合句子含義;選項D. hopefully 充滿期待地，“這些大概有2000萬居民對未來充滿期待”，符合句子含義。四個選項似乎在單個句子中都合理通順，確定該題目為語意辨析題。前面相鄰語句(或文章中心思想)敘述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成為獨立。”本句解釋了這些居住在擺脫殖民地地位而獨立的的人們對于未來的態(tài)度。既然獨立，當讓是充滿希望的。因此正確答案D。

Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.

3.[A]shared [B]forgot [C]attained [D]rejected

4.[A]related [B]close [C]open [D]devoted

5.[A]access [B]succession [C]right [D]return

3. 詞匯辨析題 本句子選擇動詞，在句子中充當謂語動詞。句子敘述到many of the leaders of independence the ideas of representative government “許多獨立的領導人都…議會政府?！?/p>

選項A. shared 共有;

B. forgot 忘記;

C. attained 獲得;

D. rejected 拒絕.。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，文章中心思想敘述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成為獨立?！奔热皇仟毩⒌?，那么新的領導人們應該推崇一種公平的政治舉措。對于，當時比較先進而且民主的“議會制度”當然應該是全力支持的。選項A. shared 共有，“許多獨立的領導人都認同議會政府”，符合句子含義;選項B. forgot 忘記，“許多獨立的領導人都忘記了議會政府”，不符合句子含義;選項C. attained 獲得，“許多獨立的領導人都獲得了議會政府”，不符合句子含義，“attain 獲得”一般是通過長期努力而獲得什么物品，實現(xiàn)什么目標，不能表達為“獲得議會政府”;選項D. rejected 拒絕，“許多獨立的領導人都拒絕了議會政府”，不符合文章中心“獨立”。因此，正確答案為A，許多獨立領導人都認同議會政府。

4. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇形容詞，在句子中體現(xiàn)前、后名詞之間的關系。句子敘述many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers ____to talent, freedom of commerce and trade,… “許多獨立領導人都認同議會政府，職業(yè)…于人才，商業(yè)和貿易自由…。”顯然，短語“careers ____to talent”、短語“freedom of commerce and trade”等都是與“認同議會政府”相并列的獨立領導人們新政的民主政策。應該充分體現(xiàn)獨立和民主。

選項A. related 相關的;

B. close 接近的;

C. open 開著的;

D. devoted 投入的.

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項A. related 相關的，“職業(yè)相關于人才”，不符合句子含義;選項B. close 接近的，“職業(yè)接近于人才”，不符合句子含義;選項C. open 開著的，“職業(yè)對于人才開放”，符合文章中心同時也符合句子含義;選項D. devoted 投入的，“職業(yè)投入于人才”，這種表達錯誤，應該是“人才投入與工作”才是正確的語句表達。職業(yè)對人才開放才符合文章“獨立”這一中心。因此，正確答案為C。

5. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，在句子中體現(xiàn)句子內容的連貫性。句子敘述到many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the___ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. “許多獨立的領導人都認同議會政府，認為職業(yè)應該向人才開放，認可商業(yè)貿易自由，認可私有財產的…，認為個人是社會的基礎。

選項A. access to 接近;

B. succession to 繼承;

C. right to …的權利;

D. return to 返回。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，從前面的“議會制政府”，“向人才開放的職業(yè)”，“商業(yè)和貿易自由”可以看出這里提到的是推動進步和發(fā)展，充分調動人們積極性的另一個理念“人們對私有財產的所有權”，故此處選擇right。因此，正確答案為C。

6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.

6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally

7.[A]unique [B]common [C]particular [D]typical

6. 邏輯關系題 本題目選擇副詞，體現(xiàn)前、后兩個句子之間的邏輯關系。句子敘述到 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, “有一種…的信念，新獨立的應該是自治并且獨立的?！?選擇邏輯關系詞，相關聯(lián)的兩個句子提供信息決定答案。

選項A. Presumably 大概的;

B. Incidentally 偶然的;

C. Obviously 顯然的;

D. Generally 普遍的。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，前面的句子敘述到“many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. “許多獨立的領導人都認同議會政府，認為職業(yè)應該向人才開放，認可商業(yè)貿易自由，認可私有財產的…，認為個人是社會的基礎?！?該句與后面的句子沒有任何內容相反或轉折的信號詞，可以判斷兩個句子是順接關系，后面承接上一句內容而來，繼續(xù)介紹新的獨立領導人都認同的理念。因此，正確答案為D。

7. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇形容詞，在句子中充當定語。句子敘述到Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of 1aws. “有一種普遍接受的信念，新獨立的應該是自治并且獨立的, 要足夠大并且能夠在經濟上運行良好，通過一套…的法律將各個新獨立的聯(lián)合”。

選項A. unique;

B. common普通的;

C. particular 特殊的;

D. typical 典型的。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，想要“聯(lián)合各個”只有通過共同接受的法律才能夠實現(xiàn)。選項A. unique，體現(xiàn)與眾不同，標新立異與 “聯(lián)合”沒有關聯(lián);選項B. common普通的，共同的，“通過共同接受的法律將各個新獨立的聯(lián)合”，符合句子含義;選項C. particular 特殊的，體現(xiàn)自身特點“異于常規(guī)”，不符合句子含義;選項D. typical典型的，指具有既定特點的，不符合句子含義。因此，正確答案為B。

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership.

8.[A]freedom [B]origin [C]impact [D]reform

9.[A]therefore [B]however [C]indeed [D]moreover

10.[A]with [B]about [C]among [D]by

8.語意辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，在句子中做賓語。句子敘述到On the issue of of religion and the position of the Church…?！瓣P于宗教的…和教會地位的問題…?！?/p>

選項A. freedom自由;

B. origin 起源;

C. impact 影響;

D. reform 改革。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項A. freedom of religion“宗教信仰自由”，符合短語表達;選項B. origin of religion “宗教的起源”，符合短語表達;選項C. impact of religion “宗教的影響”，符合短語表達;選項D. reform of religion “宗教改革”，符合短語表達。顯然，四個選項在句子中似乎都合理，確定該題目為語意辨析題。由于前文敘述內容未涉及宗教，所以信息在后文。.(完成下面題目發(fā)現(xiàn)，羅馬天主教是西班牙國教，是西班牙王室認可的宗教。多數領導人致力于保留天主教為新的宗教;而另一些領導人致力于終結排斥其他宗教的狀況。)顯然，關于宗教信仰的自由問題產生分歧。因此，正確答案為A。

9. 邏輯關系題 本題目選擇邏輯關系詞，體現(xiàn)前后句子之間的邏輯關系。句子敘述到On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, there was less agreement … ?！瓣P于宗教信仰自由和教會地位的問題，各國領導人之間存在分歧。”

選項A. therefore 因此;

B. however 然而;

C. indeed的確;

D. moreover而且。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，第一段最后敘述到Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of 1aws. “有一種普遍接受的信念，新獨立的應該是自治并且獨立的, 要足夠大并且能夠在經濟上運行良好，通過一套共同的法律將各個新獨立的聯(lián)合”，介紹了新成立的獨立領導人之間在治國理念方面的共識。而隨后的語句提到的是他們之間存在的分歧，顯然兩部分之間為轉折關系。因此，正確答案為B。

10. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇介詞，體現(xiàn)句子內容的范圍。句子敘述到On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, however there was less agreement ___the leadership.“關于宗教信仰自由和教會地位的問題，各國領導人在主導地位...方面存在分歧?！边x項A. with和…;

B. about 有關;

C. among 在…之中;

D. by通過。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，本句表明各國領導人之間在宗教問題方面不那么有默契了，among表示“在……之間”，這里among the leadership表范圍。其他幾個介詞與后面內容搭配作狀語時，都不表示范圍。因此，正確答案為C。

Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown.

11.[A]allowed [B]preached [C]granted [D]funded

11.詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇過去分詞，修飾前面相鄰的名詞。句子敘述到Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one by the Spanish crown. “羅馬天主教過去是西班牙的國教，是西班牙王室…的宗教?！?該過去分詞短語修飾前面的“Roman Catholicism 羅馬天主教”，體現(xiàn)出“Roman crown 羅馬皇室”對于“羅馬天主教”的態(tài)度。

選項A. allowed準許;

B. preached 宣揚;

C. granted 承認;

D. funded資助。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，句中的only可判斷，西班牙王室只承認羅馬天主教。選項A. allowed準許，表示許可，對于嚴肅的宗教地位不適用;選項B. preached 宣揚，對于宗教地位應該不僅僅是宣揚這么膚淺，皇室要通過政治權利規(guī)定宗教的信仰及其地位，該詞不合理;選項C. granted 承認(授權)，符合句子含義;選項D. funded資助，表示通過資金來支持，不符合宗教地位的要求。因此，正確答案為C。

12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths.

12.[A]Since [B]If [C]Unless [D]While

13.[A]as [B]for [C]under [D]against

14.[A]spread [B]interference[C]exclusion [D]influence

12. 邏輯關系題 本題目選擇連詞，體現(xiàn)句子之間的邏輯關系。句子敘述到 __ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism …, some sought to end the…. “大多數領導人致力于保留天主教，…一些人致力于結束…?！边x擇邏輯關系詞，相關聯(lián)的兩個句子提供信息決定答案。

選項A. since因為;

B. if 如果;

C. unless 除非;

D. while 而。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，關于宗教信仰問題，領導人分成兩個派別，即，“大多數致力于保留天主教”和“一些人致力于結束它的統(tǒng)治地位”。顯然，二者觀點相異。因此，正確答案為D。

13.詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇介詞，將后面的名詞和前面句子的邏輯關系。句子敘述到while most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ___ the official religion of the new states, “大多數領導人致力于保留天主教…新的宗教?！?/p>

選項A. as 作為;

B. for 為了;

C. under 在...之下;

D. against 反對。

顯然這里as the official religion of the new states是方式狀語，與maintain搭配使用，符合語意關系。因此，正確答案為A。

14.詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，在句子中做賓語。句子敘述到some sought to end the of other faiths. “一些領導人致力于結束對于其他宗教信仰的…?！?/p>

選項A. spread 傳播;

B. interference干涉;

C. exclusion 排除;

D. promised 承諾。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，關于宗教信仰問題，領導人分成兩個派別，即，“大多數致力于保留天主教”和“一些人致力于結束排擠其他宗教的行為”。顯然，二者觀點相異。兩撥人的觀點截然不同，exclusion用在此處符合語境，表示“結束對于其他宗教的排擠”。這里使用spread，interference和influence與前面內容均不構成轉折關系。因此，正確答案為C。

The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.

15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish

15.固定搭配題 選擇名詞，構成rallying…的固定搭配。在句子中充當賓語。句子敘述到The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces. “保衛(wèi)教會成為保守勢力的戰(zhàn)斗…?！边x項A. support 支持;B. cry 哭喊;C. plea 懇請;D. wish 希望。本句與前一句內容有隱含的因果關系，這是由于一些領導人主張允許信仰其他宗教，因此保衛(wèi)教會成為保守勢力的戰(zhàn)斗口號。這里rallying cry為固定搭配。因此，正確答案為B。

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.

16.[A]urged [B]intended [C]expected [D]promised

16.固定搭配題 本題目選擇動詞，與to 構成搭配，在句子中充當謂語動詞。句子敘述到Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. “玻利瓦爾得到海地的援助，作為回報，他…在自己解放的地區(qū)廢除奴隸制度?！?/p>

選項A. urged 敦促;

B. intended 打算;

C. expected 期望;

D. promised 答應。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，從句中的in return可以看出，海地對玻利瓦爾的幫助并非無條件的，其條件就是后者承諾廢除奴隸制度。選項A. urged 敦促，表示主動且積極，不符合句子含義;選項B. intended 打算，表示主動且積極，不符合句子含義;選項C. expected 期望，表示主觀能動性，不符合句子含義;選項D. promised 答應，這里promise to do sth.意為“答應做某事”，答應是口頭的并非付諸于行動的，在此有“陽奉陰違”的意味。因此，正確答案為D。

By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies.

17.[A]controlling [B]former [C]remaining [D]original

17.詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇形容詞，修飾名詞colonies。句子敘述到By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s ___colonies. “到了1854年，除了西班牙…的殖民地外，其他的地區(qū)都已經廢除奴隸制?！?/p>

選項A. controlling正在統(tǒng)治的;

B. former原來的;

C. remaining遺留的;

D. original 原始的。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項A. controlling正在統(tǒng)治的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙正在統(tǒng)治的殖民地外，其他的地區(qū)都已經廢除奴隸制”，與前文的陽奉陰違的答應廢除奴隸制沒有邏輯上的一致性，不符合句子含義;選項B. former原來的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙原來的殖民地外，其他的地區(qū)都已經廢除奴隸制”，“原來的”體現(xiàn)出雖然獨立但是民主的政策卻絲毫沒有效用，顯然不符合句子含義;選項C. remaining遺留的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙遺留的殖民地外，其他的地區(qū)都已經廢除奴隸制”，即體現(xiàn)了獨立的舉措，又表現(xiàn)出陽奉陰違的不徹底的廢除奴隸制的行為;選項D. original 原始的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙原始的殖民地外，其他的地區(qū)都已經廢除奴隸制”，顯然這樣的表達沒有任何“獨立”的跡象，不符合句子含義。因此應選C，指西班牙的殘存的殖民地。

Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .

18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher

19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred

18.語義辨析題 本題目選擇副詞的比較級形式，在句子中表示狀態(tài)。句子敘述到Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much ___ because… “停止印地安人上貢和對混血人種征稅的早期承諾實現(xiàn)得頗為…?！?/p>

選項A. slower較慢;

B. faster較快;

C. easier較容易;

D. tougher較難。

顯然，四個選項在句子中似乎都是合理的，確定該題目為語意辨析題。上文提到玻利瓦爾承諾廢除奴隸制，到1854年除了西班牙剩余的殖民地外，其他地區(qū)都已廢除奴隸制，因此，根據上下文可知，此處是說這個承諾實現(xiàn)得緩慢，不像廢除奴隸制那樣快，因此，正確答案為A。

19.詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇動詞，在定語從句中充當謂語動詞。句子敘述到the new nations still needed the revenue such policies _ . “新的仍然需要這些政策所…的稅收收入?！边x項A. created 創(chuàng)建;

B. produced 產生，生產;

C. contributed 有助于;

D. preferred 更喜歡。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，本題所在部分意為“新仍然需要這些政策所帶來的稅收收入”，這些稅收收入是這些policies帶來的，這里使用produce意思相近。選項A. created 創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)建，不能與“revenue 收入”構成合理的主謂關系;選項C. contributed 有助于，一般要構成“contribute to”的短語才能夠接賓語，在此不符合句子含義;選項D. preferred 更喜歡，一般要構成“prefer to”的短語。句子中沒有提供比較的參照，所以不涉及“更喜歡”，不符合句子含義。因此，正確答案為B。

Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.

20.[A] puzzled by [B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about [D]unprepared for

20. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇過去分詞短語，在句子中構成被動語態(tài)，充當謂語。句子敘述到Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was __ self-rule and democracy. “平等的情緒通常被緩解，這是由于擔心大眾…自治和民主。”

選項A. puzzled by 困惑;

B. hostile to 敵對;

C. pessimistic to 悲觀;

D. unprepared to 未準備好。

本段前文一直在提人人平等，最后一句指出一種擔心情緒：大眾未對自治和民主做好準備。由于新的獨立的人們剛剛擺脫了殖民統(tǒng)治，因此人們還沒有充分了解和熟悉自治和民主，這里使用unprepared for符合語境。因此，正確答案為D。

全文翻譯到了1830年，原來的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地變成了獨立的。這些的大約2千萬居民對未來充滿期待。許多獨立的領導人在舊政權和伊比利亞殖民注意岌岌可危時出生，他們都認同議會制政府，向人才開放職業(yè)，商業(yè)貿易自由，私有財產所有權，認為個人是社會的基礎。他們普遍認為新應該是獨立的主權，足夠大，能夠在經濟上切實可行，由一套共同法律讓各個新的獨立聯(lián)合起來。

但是，在宗教自由和教會地位這個問題上，各國領導人之間存在著分歧。羅馬天主教過去是西班牙國教，是得到西班牙王室承認的宗教。多數領導人致力于保留天主教為新的宗教，而一些領導人致力于終結不能有其他宗教信仰的狀況。保衛(wèi)教會成為保守勢力的戰(zhàn)斗口號。

獨立早期管理者們的理想通常是平等主義，重視一切平等。玻利瓦爾得到海地的援助，作為回報，他承諾在自己解放的地區(qū)廢除奴隸制。到了1854年，除了西班牙前殖民地外，奴隸制在其他地區(qū)都已被廢除。對結素印地安人的上貢問題和對混血人種的稅收問題的早期承諾較晚才實現(xiàn)，這是因為新獨立的仍然需要這些政策所帶來的稅收收入。平等的情緒通常由于擔心大眾沒有準備好自治和民主而有所緩解。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament.you would most likely fend a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.

Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject，after about 20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”

This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined，was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather, it involves sexing specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments、^rim high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.

21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to____.

A. stress the importance of professional training.

B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.

C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

22.The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means____.

A. fun B. craze C. hysteria D. excitement

23.According to Ericsson，good memory____.

A. depends on meaningful processing of information.

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that____.

A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

D. high achievers owe their Success mostly to nurture.

25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

A. “Faith will move mountains.” B. “One reaps what one sows.”

C. “Practice makes perfect.” D. “Like father，like son.”

文章解析：根據中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.如果你查一下參加2006年世界杯足球錦標賽的每位運動員的出生證明，就極可能發(fā)現(xiàn)一個值得注意的奇怪現(xiàn)象：出色的運動員一般出生在一年內的前幾個月而不是后幾個月。

第二段確定段落內容方向的語句是What might account for this strange phenomenon?　如何解釋這一奇怪現(xiàn)象呢?

第三段確定段落內容方向的語句是Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above”. Anders Ericsson是佛羅里達州立大學的心理學教授，他堅信前三種推測不成立。

第四段確定段落內容方向的語句是This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.后來進行的實驗表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的，這些結果與第一次實驗的成功一起讓Ericsson 得出結論，記憶行為與其說是一種直覺行為不如說是一種認知行為。

第五段確定段落內容方向的語句是Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.換一種方式來說，那些希賽網級的從業(yè)者，無論是記憶力超群者，還是希賽網級外科醫(yī)生，無論是卓越的芭蕾舞演員，還是出色的計算機程序員，他們幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著希賽網是如何培養(yǎng)出來的來展開。

題目解析：

21.結構題The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to_____.

選項A. stress the importance of professional training.

強調職業(yè)培訓的重要性。

B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.

突出世界杯中的超級巨星。

C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

引出如何造就希賽網表現(xiàn)的主題。

D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

解釋為什么一些球隊比另外一些球隊踢得好。

該題作為結構題將例子“The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players”定位到文章第一段If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.根據結構題方位論原則，找例子對應的論點句。整個第一段都是例子。例子后面相鄰的段落，即第二段是對這種現(xiàn)象解釋的猜想。因此，我們可以大膽得出結論，文章的結構可能是“分—總”結構，文章主題體現(xiàn)在文章的尾段中。尾段主題句為Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“換一種方式來說，那些希賽網級的從業(yè)者，無論是記憶力超群者，還是希賽網級外科醫(yī)生，無論是卓越的芭蕾舞演員，還是出色的計算機程序員，他們幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生?！本C上所述，正確答案為C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.引出如何造就希賽網表現(xiàn)的主題。(補充：文章首段/首句含義是什么?這種提問方式確定答案對應文章的中心思想。)

22.識詞題The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means_____.

選項A. fun娛樂 B. craze狂燥，狂熱

C. hysteria歇斯底里 D. excitement興奮

該題將識別的詞匯“mania”在文章中定位到第二段What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.作為識詞題，按照“方位論原則”：在識別詞匯后面找表示“解釋說明，邏輯關系”的表達，或者向前面找平行結構。在詞匯后面沒有任何解釋說明或邏輯關系的表達。因此，向前面找平行結構soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，“對足球狂熱的父母可能在春天這個一年之中足球狂熱的高峰期孕育子女”。因此答案應選B. craze狂燥，狂熱。

23.細節(jié)題According to Ericsson，good memory_____.

選項A. depends on meaningful processing of information.

依靠有意義的信息處理過程。

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

由于天生而不是認知練習。

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

由基因決定而不是心理因素。

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

需要立刻反饋并且注意力高度集中。

該題利用“Ericsson”粗略定位到文章第三段Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above”. Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject，after about 20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”但是整個段落中沒有出現(xiàn)定位詞 “good memory” 。繼續(xù)定位到文章第四段 This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.“后來進行的實驗表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的，這些結果與第一次實驗的成功一起讓Ericsson 得出結論，記憶行為與其說是一種直覺行為不如說是一種認知行為?！?選項A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意義的信息處理過程，與定位的語句動作“實驗表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的， Ericsson 得出結論記憶行為與其說是一種直覺行為不如說是一種認知行為”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.由于天生而不是認知練習，與定位的語句動作“實驗表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的， Ericsson 得出結論記憶行為與其說是一種直覺行為不如說是一種認知行為”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.由基因決定而不是心理因素，與定位的語句動作“實驗表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的， Ericsson 得出結論記憶行為與其說是一種直覺行為不如說是一種認知行為”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.需要立刻反饋并且注意力高度集中，與定位的語句動作“實驗表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的， Ericsson 得出結論記憶行為與其說是一種直覺行為不如說是一種認知行為”沒有任何關聯(lián)。該句子與四個選項沒有直接聯(lián)系，作為細節(jié)題，定位詞所在的句子不能確定答案時，向下繼續(xù)找信息。下面相鄰的句子In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.“換句話說，不管兩個人在記憶能力方面表現(xiàn)出來的先天差異有多大，這種差異都會被每個人解碼信息能力的強弱所掩蓋?！?選項A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意義的信息處理過程，與相關信息句動作“記憶能力的差異會被人的解碼信息能力的強弱所掩蓋”相關聯(lián)，動作“依靠信息處理過程”對應于 “被解碼信息能力所掩蓋”，體現(xiàn)“主動被動替換”的關系;選項B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.由于天生而不是認知練習，與相關信息句動作“記憶能力的差異會被人的解碼信息能力的強弱所掩蓋”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.由基因決定而不是心理因素，與相關信息句動作“記憶能力的差異會被人的解碼信息能力的強弱所掩蓋”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.需要立刻反饋并且注意力高度集中，與相關信息句動作“記憶能力的差異會被人的解碼信息能力的強弱所掩蓋”沒有任何關聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意義的信息處理過程。

24.細節(jié)題Ericsson and his colleagues believe that_____.

選項A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

天賦是職業(yè)成功的決定因素。

B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

生物表格中的數據是出色表現(xiàn)的關鍵。

C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

天賦的作用被忽略了。

D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.

卓越的成功者將其成功歸咎與后天的培育。

該題利用定位詞“Ericsson and his colleagues”定位到文章尾段Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiment with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.題目明確提問他們得出的結論是什么?因此段落中，段尾句Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“換一種方式來說，那些希賽網級的從業(yè)者，無論是記憶力超群者，還是希賽網級外科醫(yī)生，無論是卓越的芭蕾舞演員，還是出色的計算機程序員，他們幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生?！?選項A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success. 天賦是職業(yè)成功的決定因素，與相關信息句動作“希賽網級從業(yè)者幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生的”完全相悖;選項B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.生物表格中的數據是出色表現(xiàn)的關鍵，與相關信息句動作“希賽網級從業(yè)者幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生的”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.天賦的作用被忽略了，與相關信息句動作“希賽網級從業(yè)者幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生的”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.卓越的成功者將其成功歸咎與后天的培育，與相關信息句動作“希賽網級從業(yè)者幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生的”完全對應。因此，正確答案為D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.卓越的成功者將其成功歸咎與后天的培育。

25.主旨題Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

選項A. “Faith will move mountains” 精誠所至，金石為開。

B. “One reaps what one sows” 一份耕耘，一份收獲。

C. “Practice makes perfect” 熟能生巧。

D. “Like father，like son” 有其父必有其子。

作為主旨題要明確找到文章每個段落的主題句。通過前面四道題目的定位和分析理解不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文章的結構為“分—總”，文章的主題體現(xiàn)在尾段的主題句中。因此，相關信息句仍然是段尾句Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“換一種方式來說，那些希賽網級的從業(yè)者，無論是記憶力超群者，還是希賽網級外科醫(yī)生，無論是卓越的芭蕾舞演員，還是出色的計算機程序員，他們幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生?！?因此，正確答案為C. “Practice makes perfect” 熟能生巧。(補充：本題目作為主旨題也可以用中心統(tǒng)一原則提煉的確定各段內容方向的語句來確定答案。)

全文翻譯如果你查一下參加2006年世界杯足球錦標賽的每位運動員的出生證明，就極可能發(fā)現(xiàn)一個值得注意的怪現(xiàn)象：出色的足球運動員往往出生在一年內的前幾個月而不是后幾個月。如果你再查一下為世界杯和職業(yè)球隊輸送球員的歐洲青年隊的出生證明，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象更加明顯。

如果何解釋這一怪現(xiàn)象呢?這里有幾種猜測：1)某些星象跡象賦予這些人出色的球技;2)冬天出生的孩子氧容量高，因此踢足球的耐力好;3)對足球狂熱的父母更可能在春天這個一年之中足球狂熱的高峰期孕育子女;4)以上猜測都不成立。

Anders Ericsson是佛羅里達州立大學的心理學教授，他堅信前三種推測均不成立。Ericsson在瑞典長大，開始時學習核工程，直到他意識到如果自己改學心理學，就會有更多的機會進行自己的研究。大約30年前他做了第一個實驗，與記憶力相關：訓練一個人聽，然后復述一組隨機的數字。他回憶到：“在經過大約20個小時的訓練后，第一個受試者的數字記憶跨度從7個上升至20個，他不斷地進步，在經過大約200個小時的訓練后，他記憶的數字超過了80個。”

后來進行的實驗表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的，這些結果與第一次實驗的成功一起讓Ericsson得出結論，記憶行為與其說是一種直覺行為，不如說是一種認知行為。換句話說，不管兩個人的記憶能力方面表現(xiàn)出來的先天差異有多大，這些差異都會被每個人解碼信息能力的強弱所掩蓋。Ericsson認為，學習有意義地解碼信息的最好方式就是一個被稱為“有意練習”的過程?！坝幸饩毩暋毙枰牟粌H僅是簡單的重復一項任務，而是要確立特定目標，獲得即時反饋，既關注結果又關注技巧。

因而，Ericsson和他的同事開始研究不同領域的技藝精湛的從業(yè)者，包括足球運動員。他們收集所有能夠得到的數據，不僅是他們的表現(xiàn)數據，個人生活細節(jié)內容，還包括對于那些取得大成就的人的實驗研究結果。他們的研究結論令人吃驚：我們對通常認為的天賦評價過高。換一種方式來說，那些希賽網級的從業(yè)者，無論記憶力超群者，還是希賽網級外科醫(yī)生，無論是卓越的芭蕾舞演員還是出色的計算機程序員，他們幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生的。

Text 2

For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn VOS Savant.Who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old;that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as，What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified，and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?

The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the StanfordBinet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars. they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.

Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?

A. Answering philosophical questions.

B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.

D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?

A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.

D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because____.

A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that____.

A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.

D. traditional tests are out of date.

30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?

A. Supportive B. Skeptical C. Impartial D. Biased

文章解析：根據中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“ Ask Marilyn”. 在過去的幾年里，周日增刊Parade報紙中有一個特寫專欄“向Marilyn提問”。

第二段確定段落內容方向的語句是Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. 顯然，智力所包含的遠不只是測試中的分數。

第三段確定段落內容方向的語句是The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.雖然智商測試不像過去用的那樣多了，但是對人類智力定義的仍然是智商數。

第四段確定段落內容方向的語句是Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.Robert J.Sternberg認為，這些標準化考試可能不會評估對在學校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著測試智商和智商數來展開。

題目解析：

26.細節(jié)題Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?

選項A. Answering philosophical questions.

回答哲學問題。

B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

將紙折或剪成不同形狀。

C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.

區(qū)分特定概念的差別。

D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

選擇與給定內容相同的字或圖。

該題利用定位詞“intelligence test”定位到文章第一段IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.“智商測試要求你完成語言和視覺類推，想象紙在折疊之后和剪裁之后的形狀，推斷數字順序以及其他的一些類似的任務?！?選項A. Answering philosophical questions.回答哲學問題，與相關信息句動作“完成語言和視覺類推，想象紙在折疊之后的形狀，推斷數字順序等”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.將紙折或剪成不同形狀，與相關信息句動作“完成語言和視覺類推，想象紙在折疊之后的形狀，推斷數字順序等”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.區(qū)分特定概念的差別，與相關信息句動作“完成語言和視覺類推，想象紙在折疊之后的形狀，推斷數字順序等”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.選擇與給定內容相同的字或圖，與相關信息句動作“完成語言和視覺類推，想象紙在折疊之后的形狀，推斷數字順序等”相關聯(lián)，動作“擇與給定內容相同的字或圖”對應于“想象紙在折疊之后的形狀”體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關系。因此，正確答案為D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.選擇與給定內容相同的字或圖。

27.細節(jié)題What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?

選項A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

人們不再用智商值表示智力了。

B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

網上有更多版本的智商測試。

C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.

成人和兒童的測試內容和公式可能是不同的。

D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

科學家已經定義了人類智力的重要因素。

該題利用定位詞“intelligence testing”定位到文章第三段The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.段落中前兩句提到了定位詞“intelligence testing”。第一句The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.“雖然智商測試不像過去用的那樣多了，但是對人類智力定義的仍然是智商數?！?選項A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.人們不再用智商值表示智力了，與該句的動作“雖然智商測試不像過去用的那樣多了，但是對人類智力定義的仍然是智商數”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.網上有更多版本的智商測試，與該句的動作“雖然智商測試不像過去用的那樣多了，但是對人類智力定義的仍然是智商數”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和兒童的測試內容和公式可能是不同的，與該句的動作“雖然智商測試不像過去用的那樣多了，但是對人類智力定義的仍然是智商數”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.科學家已經定義了人類智力的重要因素，與該句的動作“雖然智商測試不像過去用的那樣多了，但是對人類智力定義的仍然是智商數”似乎有關聯(lián)，但是句子敘述到“定義智商的是智商數”，而該選項敘述到“定義人類智力的重要因素”，顯然完全沒有聯(lián)系。該句與四個選項沒有直接關系作為細節(jié)題向下繼續(xù)判斷相關信息句。第二句The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).“測試主要有兩種形式：一種是Stanford Binet智力量表，一種是Wechsler智力量表(兩個量表均有成人和兒童兩個版本)?！?選項A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.人們不再用智商值表示智力了，與相關信息句動作“測試主要有兩種形式，一種是Stanford Binet智力量表，一種是Wechsler智力量表(兩個量表均有成人和兒童兩個版本)”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.網上有更多版本的智商測試，與相關信息句動作“測試主要有兩種形式，一種是Stanford Binet智力量表，一種是Wechsler智力量表(兩個量表均有成人和兒童兩個版本)”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和兒童的測試內容和公式可能是不同的，與相關信息句動作“測試主要有兩種形式，一種是Stanford Binet智力量表，一種是Wechsler智力量表(兩個量表均有成人和兒童兩個版本)”相關聯(lián)，動作“成人和兒童的測試內容和公式可能是不同的”對應于“兩個量表均有成人和兒童兩個版本”;選項D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.科學家已經定義了人類智力的重要因素與相關信息句動作“測試主要有兩種形式，一種是Stanford Binet智力量表，一種是Wechsler智力量表(兩個量表均有成人和兒童兩個版本)”沒有任何關聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和兒童的測試內容和公式可能是不同的。

28.細節(jié)題People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because_____.

選項A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

分數值是通過不同的計算程序獲得的。

B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

強調的是創(chuàng)造力而不是分析能力。

C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

Vos Savant的案例是個極端的案例而且不會重復。

D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

智商測試的特色已經發(fā)生了變化。

該題利用定位詞“IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s”定位到文章第三段Super high scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.“像vos Savant那樣的超數不可能再出現(xiàn)了，這是因為現(xiàn)在的計分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計數字的基礎之上的，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以生理年齡再乘以100得出的數值?！?選項A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.分數值是通過不同的計算程序獲得的，與相關信息句動作“現(xiàn)在的計分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計數字的基礎之上的，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以生理年齡再乘以100得出的數值”相關聯(lián)，動作“分數值是通過不同的計算程序獲得的”對應于“現(xiàn)在的計分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計數字的基礎之上的”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關系;選項B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.強調的是創(chuàng)造力而不是分析能力，與相關信息句動作“現(xiàn)在的計分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計數字的基礎之上的，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以生理年齡再乘以100得出的數值”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.Vos Savant的案例是個極端的案例而且不會重復，與相關信息句動作“現(xiàn)在的計分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計數字的基礎之上的，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以生理年齡再乘以100得出的數值”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.智商測試的特色已經發(fā)生了變化，與相關信息句動作“現(xiàn)在的計分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計數字的基礎之上的，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以生理年齡再乘以100得出的數值”沒有任何關聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.分數值是通過不同的計算程序獲得的。

29.推斷題We can conclude from the last paragraph that_____.

選項A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

測試值不能可靠的反映一個人的能力。

B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

智商值和SAT的結果是緊密關聯(lián)的。

C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.

測試包括許多猜測。

D. traditional tests are out of date.

傳統(tǒng)測試已經過時了。

該題目作為推斷題，要明確找到指定的最后一段的主題句。根據“主題句---細節(jié)句原則”，文章尾段 Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.段落中間沒有轉折詞，段落尾句Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.“任何一個考過SAT的人都可以證實，考試技巧也是有關系的，要知道何時猜測，要跳過什么問題?！泵鞔_是細節(jié)。 因此，段落的主題句為段首句Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.“Robert J.Sternberg認為，這些標準化考試可能不會評估對在學校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素?！?選項A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.測試值不能可靠的反映一個人的能力，與相關信息句動作“這些標準化考試可能不會評估對在學校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”相關聯(lián)，動作“測試值不能可靠的反映一個人的能力”對應于“不會評估對在學校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關系;選項B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.智商值和SAT的結果是緊密關聯(lián)的，與相關信息句動作“這些標準化考試可能不會評估對在學校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.測試包括許多猜測，與相關信息句動作“這些標準化考試可能不會評估對在學校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. traditional tests are out of date.傳統(tǒng)測試已經過時了，與相關信息句動作“這些標準化考試可能不會評估對在學校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”沒有任何關聯(lián)。 因此，正確答案為A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.測試值不能可靠的反映一個人的能力。

30.主旨題What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?

選項A. Supportive支持的 B. Skeptical 懷疑的

C. Impartial 不偏不倚的 D. Biased 偏見的

該題作為主旨題表示作者觀點態(tài)度的題目，要明確找到文章尾段的主題句或者倒數第二段的主題句。文章尾段主題句為Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.“Robert J.Sternberg認為，這些標準化考試可能不會評估對在學校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素?！笨梢姡髡叩膽B(tài)度是不確定的， 因此，正確答案為B. Skeptical 懷疑的。

全文翻譯在過去的幾年里，周日增刊Parade報紙有一個名為“向瑪里琳提問”的特寫專欄。人們被邀請向Marilyn vos Aavant提問，她在10歲時就參加了大約23歲人的智力測試，得出智商為228，那是有記錄以來的較。智商測試讓你完成語言和視覺類推，想象紙在折疊之后和剪裁之后的樣子，推論數字順序以及其他一些類似的任務。因此當Savant即時回復來自普通人的一些問題時有點兒令人困惑，這些問題諸如：愛和喜歡之間的區(qū)別是什么?運氣和巧合的本質是什么?而那種想象物體和計算數字模式的能力如何讓人能夠回答連一些最好的詩人和哲學家都避之惟恐不及的問題，這還不夠明朗。

顯然，智力所包含的遠不只是測試中的分數。那么聰明意味著什么呢?智力中有多大比例能夠詳細進行解釋呢?我們又能夠從神經學、遺傳學、計算機科學和其他領域對智力了解多少呢?

雖然智商測試不像過去用的那樣多了，對人類智力進行定義的仍然是智商數。測試主要采用兩種形式：一種是斯坦福—比奈智力量表，一種是溫切斯勒智力量表(兩個量表均有成人和兒童兩個版本)。盡管這兩種測試的改編版在書店和互聯(lián)網上占有一席之地，它們通常只由心理學家進行測試，花費為幾百美元。像vos Savant那樣的超數不再可能出現(xiàn)，這是因為現(xiàn)在的計分建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計數學的基礎上，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以勝利年齡再乘以100。其他一些標準化考試，如SAT和GRE，借鑒了智商測試的主要方面。

Robert J .Sternberg認為，這些標準化考試可能不會評估對在學校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。在他的“智商測試有多明智”一文中，Sternberg指出傳統(tǒng)的考試很好地評價了分析和語言能力，而沒有評估創(chuàng)造力和實踐知識，而后者對解決問題和在生活中取得成功至關重要。此外，一旦人口或環(huán)境發(fā)生改變，智商測試就測得不準確了。研究表明當智商測試在壓力小的環(huán)境下進行時，它能預測領導能力。當智商測試在壓力大的環(huán)境下進行時，智商與領導力負相關，即它預測的內容正好相反。任何一個考過SAT的人都可以證實，考試技巧也是有關系的，要知道何時猜測，要跳過什么問題。

Text 3

During the past generation，the American middle.class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip，a bad diagnosis，or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.

In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications Of these changes.but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two.paycheck status.As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back.up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This “added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。bad times.But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.

During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers，airline employees，and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates，stock market fluctuation，and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savings account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families，the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family，as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.

31.Today’s double income families are at greater financial risk in that____.

A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.

D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

32.As a result of President Bush’s reform，retired people may have____.

A. a higher sense of security. B. less secured payments.

C. less chance to invest. D. a guaranteed future.

33.According to the author, health savings plans will____.

A. help reduce the cost of healthcare. B. popularize among the middle class.

C. compensate for the reduced pensions. D. increase the families’ investment risk.

34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.

A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.

C. financial problems may bring about political problems.

D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?

A. The Middle Class on the Alert B. The Middle Class on the Cliff

C. The Middle Class in Conflict D. The Middle Class in Ruins

文章解析：根據中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是During the past generation，the American middle.class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.在上一代人中，曾經依靠勤奮工作、公平競爭保持家庭經濟安全的美國中產階級家庭由于經濟風險和新的現(xiàn)實而發(fā)生了變化。

第二段確定段落內容方向的語句是In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.僅僅大約一代的時間，成百上千萬的母親出去工作，改變了基本的家庭經濟模式。

第三段確定段落內容方向的語句是During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.同時，家庭在退休收入方面的風險也提高了。

第四段確定段落內容方向的語句是The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.經濟的不良后果已經開始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠了。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著中產階級家庭的經濟風險、退休金風險和醫(yī)療保障風險問題來展開。

題目解析：

31.細節(jié)題Today’s double income families are at greater financial risk in that_____.

選項A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

他們過去所享受的安全網已經消失了。

B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

他們下崗的機會大大提高了。

C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.

他們更易受到家庭經濟變化的影響。

D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

他們被剝奪了失業(yè)險和殘疾險。

該題利用定位詞“double income families”和“financial risk”定位到文章第二段In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two.paycheck status.As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back.up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This “added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。bad times.But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.段落第一句In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.“僅僅大約一代的時間，成百上千萬的母親出去工作，改變了基本的家庭經濟模式。”說明雙職工家庭的出現(xiàn)。隨后，下面第二句Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications Of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.“各行各業(yè)的學者、政策制定者和批評家們就這些變化的社會意義展開了辯論，但是很少有人看到其副作用：家庭風險也提高了?！碧岬搅恕凹彝ワL險”，但是該句子沒有提到風險發(fā)生的原因。作為細節(jié)題，定位詞所在句如果沒有足夠信息，繼續(xù)向下找答案。下面As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback----a back-up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.“現(xiàn)在的家庭預算達到了新的雙薪家庭的極限。結果，他們就失去了在經濟困頓時期的保護傘---作為后備力量的賺錢者(通常是媽媽)。如果家庭主要經濟支柱事業(yè)了或者生病了，這個后備軍可以進入勞動力市場?！边x項A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.他們過去所享受的安全網已經消失了，與相關信息句動作“家庭預算達到新的雙薪家庭的極限，失去了在經濟困難時期的保護傘，媽媽作為后備力量的賺錢者在必要時可以進入勞動力市場”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.他們下崗的機會大大提高了，與相關信息句動作“家庭預算達到新的雙薪家庭的極限，失去了在經濟困難時期的保護傘，媽媽作為后備力量的賺錢者在必要時可以進入勞動力市場”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.他們更易受到家庭經濟變化的影響，與相關信息句動作“家庭預算達到新的雙薪家庭的極限，失去了在經濟困難時期的保護傘，媽媽作為后備力量的賺錢者在必要時可以進入勞動力市場”相關聯(lián)，動作“更易受到家庭經濟變化的影響”對應于“失去了在經濟困難時期的保護傘”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關系;選項D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.他們被剝奪了失業(yè)險和殘疾險，與相關信息句動作“家庭預算達到新的雙薪家庭的極限，失去了在經濟困難時期的保護傘，媽媽作為后備力量的賺錢者在必要時可以進入勞動力市場”沒有任何關聯(lián)。 因此，正確答案為C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.他們更易受到家庭經濟變化的影響。

32.細節(jié)題As a result of President Bush’s reform，retired people may have_____.

選項A. a higher sense of security.更高的安全感。

B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入。

C. less chance to invest.更少的投資機會。

D. a guaranteed future.有保障的未來。

該題利用定位詞“President Bush’s reform”和“retired people”定位到文章第三段……For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savings account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns……“在過去的大部分時間里，布什總統(tǒng)致力于將社會保障推廣成儲蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報率的投資回報?！?選項A. a higher sense of security.更高的安全感，與相關信息句動作“致力于將社會保障推廣成儲蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報率的投資回報” 相悖，將退休金轉變成依賴于回報率的投資無疑是一種存在風險的福利形式;選項B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入，與相關信息句動作“致力于將社會保障推廣成儲蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報率的投資回報” 相符合，將退休金轉變成依賴于回報率的投資無疑是一種存在風險的福利形式;選項C. less chance to invest.更少的投資機會，與相關信息句動作“致力于將社會保障推廣成儲蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報率的投資回報” 沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. a guaranteed future.有保障的未來，與相關信息句動作“致力于將社會保障推廣成儲蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報率的投資回報” 相悖，將退休金轉變成依賴于回報率的投資無疑是一種沒有保障的福利形式。因此，正確答案為B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入。

33.細節(jié)題According to the author, health savings plans will_____.

選項A. help reduce the cost of healthcare.有助于減少醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生成本。

B. popularize among the middle class.在中產階級中流行。

C. compensate for the reduced pensions.補償減少了的退休金。

D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投資的風險。

該題利用定位詞“health savings plans”定位到文章第三段……Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare……“醫(yī)療的絕對支出和家庭需要承擔的部分都在提高---新的時髦的健康儲蓄計劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來的醫(yī)療投資風險。” 選項A. help reduce the cost of healthcare.有助于減少醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生成本，與相關信息句動作“醫(yī)療的絕對支出和家庭需要承擔的部分都在提高，新的時髦的健康儲蓄計劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來的醫(yī)療投資風險”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項B. popularize among the middle class.在中產階級中流行，與相關信息句動作“醫(yī)療的絕對支出和家庭需要承擔的部分都在提高，新的時髦的健康儲蓄計劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來的醫(yī)療投資風險”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. compensate for the reduced pensions.補償減少了的退休金，與相關信息句動作“醫(yī)療的絕對支出和家庭需要承擔的部分都在提高，新的時髦的健康儲蓄計劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來的醫(yī)療投資風險”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投資的風險，與相關信息句動作“醫(yī)療的絕對支出和家庭需要承擔的部分都在提高，新的時髦的健康儲蓄計劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來的醫(yī)療投資風險”相關聯(lián)，動作“增加了家庭投資的風險”對應于“出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來的醫(yī)療投資風險”體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關系。因此，正確答案為D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投資的風險。

34.推斷題It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_____.

選項A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

經濟風險趨向于大于政治風險。

B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.

中產階級可能面對更大的政治挑戰(zhàn)。

C. financial problems may bring about political problems.

經濟問題可能會導致政治問題。

D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

經濟責任反映政治地位。

該題目作為推斷題，要明確找到指定的最后一段的主題句。根據“主題句---細節(jié)句原則”，文章尾段From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.段落只有段首和段尾兩個句子。段落首句From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.“從中產階級家庭的角度來看，可以理解，前面提到的多數情況看起來并不像是一個承擔更多經濟責任的機會，而更像是一個將經濟風險大規(guī)模轉移到他們已經不堪重負的肩膀上的加速過程?！泵鞔_是細節(jié)。 因此，段落的主題句為段尾句The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.“經濟的不良后果已經開始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠了。”選項A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.經濟風險趨向于大于政治風險，與相關信息句動作“經濟的不良后果已經開始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠了”相關聯(lián)，但是相關信息句中沒有將二者做比較;選項B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.中產階級可能面對更大的政治挑戰(zhàn)，與相關信息句動作“經濟的不良后果已經開始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠了”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. financial problems may bring about political problems. 經濟問題可能會導致政治問題，與相關信息句動作“經濟的不良后果已經開始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠了”相關聯(lián)，動作“經濟問題可能會導致政治問題”對應于“經濟的不良后果已經開始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠了”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關系;選項D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.經濟責任反映政治地位，與相關信息句動作“經濟的不良后果已經開始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠了”似乎有關聯(lián)，但是相關信息句中敘述的是“政治和經濟風險”而不是“政治和經濟責任”。因此，正確答案為C. financial problems may bring about political problems. 經濟問題可能會導致政治問題。

35.主旨題Which of the following is the best title for this text?

選項A. The Middle Class on the Alert 警惕著的中產階級

B. The Middle Class on the Cliff 岌岌可危的中產階級

C. The Middle Class in Conflict 沖突中的中產階級

D. The Middle Class in Ruins 已經毀滅的中產階級

作為主旨題要明確找到文章每個段落的主題句。第一段During the past generation，the American middle-class family …h(huán)as been transformed by economic risk…“在上一代人中，曾經依靠勤奮工作、公平競爭保持家庭經濟安全的美國中產階級家庭由于經濟風險和新的現(xiàn)實而發(fā)生了變化?！钡诙蜪n just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.“僅僅大約一代的時間，成百上千萬的母親出去工作，改變了基本的家庭經濟模式。”第三段During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.“同時，家庭在退休收入方面的風險也提高了。”第四段The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.“經濟的不良后果已經開始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠了。”因此，正確答案為B. The Middle Class on the Cliff 岌岌可危的中產階級。

全文翻譯在上一代人中，曾經仰仗勤奮工作、公平競爭保持家庭經濟安全的美國中產階級家庭由于經濟風險和新的現(xiàn)實而發(fā)生了變化?，F(xiàn)在一紙解雇通知書、一份病中診斷或夫妻離異都可能讓一個穩(wěn)定的中產家庭在幾個月內變成新的貧困戶。

僅僅大約一代的時間，成百上千萬的母親出去工作，改變了基本的家庭經濟模式。各行各業(yè)的學者、政策制定者和批評家們就這些變化的社會意義展開辯論，但是很少有人看到其副作用：家庭風險也提高了?，F(xiàn)在的家庭預算達到了新的雙薪家庭的極限。結果，他們就失去了在經濟困頓時期具有的保護傘——作為后備力量的賺錢者(通常是媽媽)。如果家庭主要經濟支柱失業(yè)了或者生病了，這個后備軍可以進入勞動力市場。這個“附加的勞動力效果”會對由失業(yè)保險和傷殘保險組成的安全網構成支持，幫助家庭渡過難關。但現(xiàn)在，家庭財富的中斷不能再得到彌補，過去，這種彌補通過是由一個在正常情況下賦閑在家的伴侶出去工作獲得的。

同時，家庭在退休收入方面的風險也提高了。鋼鐵工人、航空公司職員，現(xiàn)在還有汽車企業(yè)員工都在擔心利率，股票市場的波動以及自己會在有生之年花光退休金的嚴酷現(xiàn)實，這樣的家庭有成百上千萬個。在過去的大部分時間里，布什總統(tǒng)致力于將社會保障推廣成儲蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報率的投資回報。對于較年輕的家庭，情況沒有好轉。醫(yī)療的絕對支出和家庭需要承擔的部分都在提高——新的時髦的健康儲蓄計劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來的醫(yī)療投資風險。甚至人口統(tǒng)計學的結果也對中產階級家庭不利，因為如果有一個年老力衰的父母親，隨之而來的照料所需要的精力和財力在一代的時間內也增加了八倍。

從中產階級家庭的角度來看，可以理解，前面提到的多數情況看起來不像是一個承擔更多經濟責任的機會，而更像是一個將經濟風險大規(guī)模轉移到他們已經不堪重負的肩膀上的加速過程。經濟的不良后果已經開始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠了。

Text 4

It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.Left，until now, to odd，low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking，telecoms and air travel，information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.

Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California，Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.

“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset，”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value，which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”.Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment 1evel for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue，not a technical one,” he says.

The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust，that most valuable of economic assets.is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore——and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone.even the victim，when data went astray.That may change fast：lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington，D.C.Meanwhile，the theft of information about some 40 million credit.card accounts in America.disclosed on June 17th.overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.

36.The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce____.

A. the fierce business competition.

B. the feeble boss-board relations.

C. the threat from news reports.

D. the severity of data leakage.

37.According to Paragraph 2，some organizations check their systems to find out____.

A. whether there is any weak point.

B. what sort of data has been stolen.

C. who is responsible for the leakage.

D. how the potential spies can be located.

38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that____.

A. shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.

B. information protection should be given due attention.

C. businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.

D. the market value of customer data should be emphasized.

39.According to Paragraph 4，what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to____.

A. see the link between trust and data protection.

B. perceive the sensitivity of personal data.

C. realize the high cost of data restoration.

D. appreciate the economic value of trust.

40.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that____.

A. data leakage is more severe in Europe.

B. FTC’s decision is essential to data security.

C. California，takes the lead in security legislation.

D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.

文章解析：根據中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them--especially in America--the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.當老板和董事們剛剛整頓好糟糕的財務和規(guī)章問題，加強了薄弱的公司機制后，新的“數據不安全”問題可能讓他們特別是在美國成為報紙惡毒的頭版頭條，毫無疑問，這會導致執(zhí)行官們走馬換任。

第二段確定段落內容方向的語句是Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.今年幾宗大的客戶和雇員數據的泄露事件讓經理們趕緊盯著他們復雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷。

第三段確定段落內容方向的語句是Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.確實，正如有公認的財會準則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時候了。紐約哥倫比亞大學商學院的Eli Noam提出如是建議。

第四段確定段落內容方向的語句是The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.令人費解的是這一問題似乎讓老板們大吃一驚。

第五段確定段落內容方向的語句是The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.現(xiàn)在這種狀況，雖然不合理，可能會由于缺乏對數據泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著數據信息泄露來展開。

題目解析：

36.結構題The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce_____.

選項A. the fierce business competition.激烈的商業(yè)競爭。

B. the feeble boss-board relations.淡薄的老板與董事關系。

C. the threat from news reports.來自新聞報道的威脅。

D. the severity of data leakage.數據泄露的嚴重性。

注意：“文章首段借用某人的話目的是什么?”這種提問方式是一種特殊題型，答案對應的相關信息句為文章的中心思想。文章第一段主題句：Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them--especially in America--the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.“當老板和董事們剛剛整頓好糟糕的財務和規(guī)章問題，加強了薄弱的公司機制后，新的“數據不安全”問題可能讓他們特別是在美國成為報紙惡毒的頭版頭條，毫無疑問，這會導致執(zhí)行官們走馬換任。”文章第二段主題句Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“今年幾宗大的客戶和雇員數據的泄露事件讓經理們趕緊盯著他們復雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷?！钡谌沃黝}句為Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“確實，正如有公認的財會準則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時候了。紐約哥倫比亞大學商學院的Eli Noam提出如是建議?！薄５谒亩沃黝}句為The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.“令人費解的是這一問題似乎讓老板們大吃一驚”。第五段主題句為The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.“現(xiàn)在這種狀況，雖然不合理，可能會由于缺乏對數據泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)?！?可見，這篇文章談到數據泄露的問題。因此，正確答案為D. the severity of data leakage. 數據泄露的嚴重性。

37.細節(jié)題According to Paragraph 2，some organizations check their systems to find out_____.

選項A. whether there is any weak point.是否存在任何弱點。

B. what sort of data has been stolen.什么類型的數據被盜。

C. who is responsible for the leakage.誰為數據泄露負責。

D. how the potential spies can be located.怎樣定位潛在的間諜。

該題利用定位詞“some organizations”定位到文章第二段Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California，Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“今年幾宗大的客戶和雇員數據的泄露事件，包括時代華納，美國國防承包商國際科學應用公司，甚至加州大學伯克利分校等差異如此之大的機構，讓經理們趕緊盯著他們復雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷?！?選項A. whether there is any weak point.是否存在任何弱點，與相關信息句動作“讓經理們趕緊盯著他們復雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”相關聯(lián)，動作“是否存在弱點”對應于“搜索可能的安全缺陷”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關系;選項B. what sort of data has been stolen.什么類型的數據被盜，與相關信息句動作“讓經理們趕緊盯著他們復雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”沒有任何關聯(lián)，選項中強調“數據類型”而語句中表達“是否有安全缺陷”;選項C. who is responsible for the leakage.誰為數據泄露負責，與相關信息句動作“讓經理們趕緊盯著他們復雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. how the potential spies can be located.怎樣定位潛在的間諜，與相關信息句動作“讓經理們趕緊盯著他們復雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”沒有任何關聯(lián)。因此，答案為A. whether there is any weak point.是否存在任何弱點。

38.細節(jié)題In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that_____.

選項A. shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.

持股人的利益應當受到妥善保護。

B. information protection should be given due attention.

應當全力注意保護信息。

C. businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.

商業(yè)機構應該提高計算安全級別。

D. the market value of customer data should be emphasized.

顧客數據的市場價值應該得到重視。

該題利用定位詞“the concept of GASP”定位到文章第三段Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“確實，正如有公認的財會準則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時候了。紐約哥倫比亞大學商學院的Eli Noam提出如是建議?！?選項A. shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to. 持股人的利益應當受到妥善保護，與相關信息句動作“正如有公認的財會準則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時候了”沒有任何關聯(lián)，文章中敘述到保護數據信息不被泄露，而該選項卻敘述到保護持股人的利益;選項B. information protection should be given due attention.應當全力注意保護信息，與相關信息句動作“正如有公認的財會準則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時候了”相關聯(lián)，動作“注意保護信息”對應于“應該有公共安全慣例”;選項C. businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.商業(yè)機構應該提高計算安全級別，與相關信息句動作“正如有公認的財會準則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時候了”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. the market value of customer data should be emphasized.顧客數據的市場價值應該得到重視，與相關信息句動作“正如有公認的財會準則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時候了”沒有任何關聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為B. information protection should be given due attention.應當全力注意保護信息。

39.細節(jié)題According to Paragraph 4，what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to_____.

選項A. see the link between trust and data protection.

看到信任和數據保護的聯(lián)系。

B. perceive the sensitivity of personal data.

理解個人數據的敏感性。

C. realize the high cost of data restoration.

意識到數據儲存的巨大成本。

D. appreciate the economic value of trust.

欣賞信任的經濟價值。

該題利用定位詞“some bosses”定位到文章第四段The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust，that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore——and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.“令人費解的是這一問題似乎讓老板們大吃一驚。想必最遲鈍的老板也明白，信任是最有價值的資產，它很容易被毀掉，而修復信任需要花費巨資。沒有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個人數據流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任了。” 選項A. see the link between trust and data protection.看到信任和數據保護的聯(lián)系，與相關信息句動作“信任是最有價值的資產，它很容易被毀掉，而修復信任需要花費巨資。沒有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個人數據流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任了”相關聯(lián)，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關系;選項B. perceive the sensitivity of personal data. 理解個人數據的敏感性，與相關信息句動作“信任是最有價值的資產，它很容易被毀掉，而修復信任需要花費巨資。沒有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個人數據流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任了”沒有關聯(lián)，相關信息句中沒有涉及“個人數據的敏感性”;選項C. realize the high cost of data restoration.意識到數據儲存的巨大成本，與相關信息句動作“信任是最有價值的資產，它很容易被毀掉，而修復信任需要花費巨資。沒有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個人數據流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任了”沒有關聯(lián)，相關信息句中沒有涉及“數據存儲的成本”;D. appreciate the economic value of trust.欣賞信任的經濟價值，與相關信息句動作“信任是最有價值的資產，它很容易被毀掉，而修復信任需要花費巨資。沒有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個人數據流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任了”沒有關聯(lián)，相關信息句中沒有涉及“信任的經濟價值”。因此，答案為A. see the link between trust and data protection.看到信任和數據保護的聯(lián)系。

40.推斷題It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that_____.

選項A. data leakage is more severe in Europe.

數據泄露在歐洲更加嚴重。

B. FTC’s decision is essential to data security.

FTC的決定對數據安全至關重要。

C. California takes the lead in security legislation.

加州在安全法規(guī)方面居于領先地位。

D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.

法律懲罰是解決數據泄露的主要方法。

該題目作為推斷題，要明確找到指定的最后一段的主題句。根據“主題句---細節(jié)句原則”，文章尾段The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim，when data went astray.That may change fast：lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington，D.C.Meanwhile，the theft of information about some 40 million credit.card accounts in America.disclosed on June 17th， overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.段落中間沒有轉折詞，段落尾句Meanwhile，the theft of information about some 40 million credit.card accounts in America.disclosed on June 17th， overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.“同時，6月17日公布的美國大約4千萬信用卡帳戶信息失竊事件讓一天前美國聯(lián)邦貿易委員會公布的一個重要決定黯然失色，該決定通知美國公司如果不能提供充分的數據保障，就會按章懲罰?！泵鞔_是細節(jié)。 因此，段落的主題句為段首句The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.“現(xiàn)在這種狀況，雖然不合理，可能會由于缺乏對數據泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)?！边x項A. data leakage is more severe in Europe.數據泄露在歐洲更加嚴重，與相關信息句動作“可能會由于缺乏對數據泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)”似乎有關聯(lián)，但是相關信息句中沒有將數據泄露的嚴重性進行比較;選項B. FTC’s decision is essential to data security.FTC的決定對數據安全至關重要，與相關信息句動作“可能會由于缺乏對數據泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項C. California takes the lead in security legislation. 加州在安全法規(guī)方面居于領先地位，與相關信息句動作“可能會由于缺乏對數據泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)”沒有任何關聯(lián);選項D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.法律懲罰是解決數據泄露的主要方法，與相關信息句動作“可能會由于缺乏對數據泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)”相關聯(lián)，體現(xiàn)“肯定與否定替換”的關系。因此，正確答案為D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.法律懲罰是解決數據泄露的主要方法。

全文翻譯不雨則已，一雨傾盆。當老板和董事們剛剛整頓好最糟糕的財務和規(guī)章問題，加強了薄弱的公司機制之后，新的“數據不安全”問題可能讓他們特別是在美國成為報紙惡毒的頭版頭條，毫無疑問，這會導致執(zhí)行官們走馬換任。直到現(xiàn)在，信息保護還只是臨時的，低級IT員工的工作，只是在數據量大的行業(yè)諸如銀行業(yè)，電信業(yè)，航空公司受到重視，而現(xiàn)在卻高高列在各行各業(yè)老板們的日程表上。

今年幾宗大的客戶和雇員數據的泄露事件，包括時代華納，美國國防承包商國際科學應用公司，甚至加州大學伯克利分校等差異如此大的機構，讓經理們趕緊盯著他們復雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能存在的安全缺陷。

斯坦福大學商業(yè)院的Haim Medelson說，“數據正成為一種財產，需要像保護其他財產一樣保護它。保護客戶數據的能力對于市場價值至關重要，而市場價值是董事會應該對股民負責的。”確實，正如有公認的財會準則(GAAP)一樣，到了有公認安全慣例(GASP)的時候了。紐約哥倫比亞大學商學院的Eli Noam建議，“為數據安全，備份，恢復設立適當的投資標準是一個管理問題，不是技術問題。”

令人費解的是這一問題似乎讓老板們大吃一驚。想必最遲鈍的老板來也明白，信任是最有價值的經濟資產，他能容易被毀掉，而修復信任需要花費巨資。沒有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個人數據流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任的了。

現(xiàn)在這種情況，雖然不合理，可能還由于缺乏對數據泄露的法律制裁而加劇。(是美國缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)。最近加州通過一項法令，在這之前，當數據泄露時，美國公司都不必告訴任何人，甚至是受害者本人。這種情況很快就會改變：許多有關數據安全的立法提案正在華盛頓特區(qū)進行討論。同時6月17日公布的美國大約4千萬信用卡帳戶信息失竊事件讓一天前美國聯(lián)邦貿易委員會公布的一個重要決定黯然失色，該決定通知美國公司如果不能提供充分的數據安全保障，就會按章懲罰。

Part B

Directions：

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41—45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10points)

[A]Set a Good Example for Your Kids

[B]Build Your Kids’ Work Skills

[C]Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities

[D]Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis

[E]Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies

[F]Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are

[G]Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility

How can a Parent Help?

Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the startup adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I can “work life unreadiness”:

41

You can start this process when they are 11 or 12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.

42

Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying ”I have no idea” They can change their minds 200 limes, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.

43

Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn, parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.

44

Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous bats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.

45

They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.

What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill-conceived as it may seem) have while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.

41. 選擇[F]【解析】第二段全段沒有轉折詞，末句出現(xiàn)了Also,可見該段前后內容一致，為遞進關系。末句中出現(xiàn)代詞they和them，指代首段提到的孩子，他有什么興趣，最適合什么，因該是幫助孩子了解他們自身的優(yōu)缺點，改正缺點。只有了解了自己是什么人，才知道自己適合什么。我們通過對該段中代詞的把握以及對最后一個句子中提到的興趣種類就可以判斷41題選[F]。

42. 選擇[D]【解析】42題考生很容易錯選成[A]，這是因為首句提到role model，這與[A]中的good example一致。但是小標題的選擇應該是對段落的整體把握，不是只關注部分細節(jié)內容。首句提到榜樣之后，后面都沒有談到這一內容。顯然該段主旨并榜樣問題。后面內容中反復出現(xiàn)的一個關鍵是future，指出家長和孩子們要定期討論對未來的設想，顯然[D]為答案。

43. 選擇[B]【解析】本題所在段首句為主題句，指出父母應該教給孩子怎樣工作。后面具體解釋如何教會孩子們工作：給孩子分配家務，鼓勵十幾歲的孩子做兼職等。通過這些方式讓孩子學會工作的技能。[B]是對主題句的同義轉述，是對后細節(jié)內容的高度概括，故為答案。

44. 選擇[C]【解析】本段未出現(xiàn)明顯的主題句，但全段都是在談論一些娛樂性的業(yè)余生活的危害，作者提到玩電子游戲、長時間的看電視劇、長時間的用耳機聽音樂等活動會妨礙重要的溝通和思考能力的發(fā)展，影響持續(xù)的注意力發(fā)展。結合首段內容可知，這里作者是向家長提建議，指出如何幫助孩子為未來的工作做好準備。雖然本段沒有明確指出應該采取何種措施，由這里提到的危害可限制，這樣才不會影響他某些方面能力的發(fā)展，故[C]為答案。

45. 選擇[E]【解析】本段提到孩子們需要某種節(jié)能，處理各種狀況。第一、二句中出現(xiàn)deal with, solve, resolve等詞，表示孩子們需要應對、解決某些問題。由此可以推斷，作者在本段中提到的是處理和應對各種情況的技能，這與[E]中的coping strategies不謀而合，故該項為答案。

參考譯文

父母如何提供幫助?

父母可以做很多事確保自己的孩子能夠安全進入成人期。即使一份工作的起薪低得似乎很難滿足一個即將成人的孩子的快速自我滿足的需求，如果這個準成人準備好了的話，從學校向職場的轉變可以少些困頓。這里有幾種方法，選自我的書《不管是否準備好，生活已經開始》，父母可以借鑒它們來預防我稱為“工作未準備好”的情況。

幫助孩子了解自己

當孩子們11或12歲的時候，你就可以開始這個過程。周期性地和他們一起評論他們顯現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)點和缺點，一起克服任何缺點，諸如在交流和合作方面遇到的困難。此外，還要發(fā)現(xiàn)他們一直以來的興趣所在，這是因為它們會提供將來什么職業(yè)最適合他們的線索。

定期談論關于未來的話題

孩子們需要一系列真實的行為榜樣，這與他們小圈子里的成員、流行歌星及自負的運動不同。定期在晚餐桌前談論家庭成員認識的人，他們是如何達成自己的理想的。討論你自己職業(yè)中的快樂和不利方面，鼓勵你的孩子就他們自己的前途有些想法。當問到他們想做什么的時候，應該阻止他們說“我沒想法”他們可以200次改變自己的想法，但是對于前途看法模糊可不怎么好。

增強孩子的工作技能

教師負責教孩子如何學習，家長應該教孩子如何工作。給孩子分配家務，確保作業(yè)按時完成。鼓勵十幾歲的孩子做兼職工作。孩子們需要足夠的練習才能夠延遲自己的滿足感，施展有效的組織才能，例如管理時間，設定優(yōu)先考慮的事情等。

限制活動時間

玩電子游戲會讓人們感到即時的滿足。幾個小時看帶有錄音的笑聲的電視劇只會讓孩子們消極地處理信息。同時，通過耳機長時間地聽同一單調的節(jié)奏會讓孩子們沉浸在自己的幻想中而不是努力追求其他的東西。這些活動會妨礙重要的溝通和思考能力的發(fā)展，孩子在未來大多數工作都需要的持續(xù)的注意力方在的發(fā)展很困難。

幫助孩子培養(yǎng)解決問題的能力

他們應該知道如何應對困境、壓力及感覺能力不足的情況。他們應該學會如何解決問題和沖突，學習進行頭腦風暴的方法，批判性地思考問題。家庭里討論能夠幫助孩子練習這些能力，幫助他們將這些技能應用到日常生活的不同情況。

那些已長大成人但是看起來的苦苦掙扎，漫無目的地在剛剛成人時游蕩的那些兒女們該如何呢?家長們還扮演一個重要的角色，但現(xiàn)在這個角色更棘手些。他們必須小心，不讓自己對孩子失望。他們應該表現(xiàn)出對自己還缺乏經驗的孩子看起來還很天真或考慮不周所感興趣的東西的強烈興趣和尊敬，在探索他們未來的選擇方面成為孩子們的伙伴。最重要的是，這些剛剛長大的孩子必須要感覺到他們受尊敬，得到一個欣賞他們的家庭的支持。

Part C

Directions：

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(1 0 points)

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.However，only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily，the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.

If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education，its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand，it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice，democracy and freedom.(47)On the other.it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example，notions of evidence and fact，of basic fights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.

(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state，is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works，the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

Furthermore，the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.

ANSWERS

46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語句，識別動詞和代詞含義

legal learning 學習法律

viewed…as… “把…視為…”

intellectually equipment 知識才能

[結構分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

Traditionally

, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers

, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

這個句子結構十分清晰，這是一個簡單句。Traditionally是狀語，用來修飾整個語句。legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers是主句。短語rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.用來補充說明前文語句。

[翻譯潤色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準確排序

Traditionally傳統(tǒng)上

, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers，這些院校一直把學習法律看作是律師專有的特權

, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.，而不是一個受過教育的人常用的知識才能。

[參考譯文] 傳統(tǒng)上，這些院校一直把學習法律看作是律師專有的特權，而不是一個受過教育的人常用的知識才能。

47) On the other, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語句，識別動詞和代詞含義

1inks…to “把…聯(lián)系起來”

is parallel to “和…一樣”

cover “覆蓋”引申為“報道”

comment on “評論”

it 遵循代詞的指代原則，it指代“法律”

[結構分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

On the other

, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.

2、which/that原則(用來區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

On the other

, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner

which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis

as they cover and comment on the news.

這個句子結構比較復雜，這是一個復合句。On the other作為狀語，補充說明整個句子。it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner 是主句。定語從句which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.用來修飾名詞“manner”。從句as they cover and comment on the news是時間狀語從句。

[翻譯潤色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準確排序

On the other另一方面

, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner法律把這些概念和日常實踐聯(lián)系在一起。

which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis如同會與生活建立起聯(lián)系那樣，

as they cover and comment on the news.，記者每天在報道和評論新聞時

[參考譯文] 另一方面，如同記者每天在報道和評論新聞時會與生活建立起聯(lián)系那樣，法律把公正、民主和自由這些概念和日常實踐聯(lián)系在一起。

48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語句，識別動詞和代詞含義

understand “理解”

rests on “基于”

the established conventions “既定慣例”

[結構分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

2、which/that原則(用來區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen

這個句子結構比較清晰，這是一個復合句。But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media是主句。同位語從句that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen用來補充說明“idea”的內容。

[翻譯潤色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準確排序

But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.但是，這種觀點是基于對新聞媒體的即定慣例和特殊職責的理解。

that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen新聞記者必須比普通公民更為深刻的理解法律，

[參考譯文] 但是，新聞記者必須比普通公民更為深刻的理解法律，這種觀點是基于對新聞媒體的即定慣例和特殊職責的理解。

49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語句，識別動詞和代詞含義

have a clear grasp of “清楚把握”

[結構分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

2、which/that原則(用來區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists can do a competent job on political stories.

who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution

這個句子結構比較清晰，這是一個特殊句型，“It is difficult to…”。句子中In fact做狀語。主句為it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.在該句子中how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.整個從句作為動詞“see”的賓語，同時who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution是定語從句，用來修飾“journalists”。

[翻譯潤色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準確排序

In fact事實上，

, it is difficult to see how journalists can do a competent job on political stories. 我們很難想象，的記者如何能勝任政治方面的報道。

who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution對加拿大憲法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握

[參考譯文] 事實上，我們很難想象，對加拿大憲法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握的記者如何能勝任政治方面的報道。

50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語句，識別動詞和代詞含義

enhance“提高”引申為“增加…的深度”

rely on “依靠”

make their own judgments “做出自己的判斷”

[結構分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語句，斷句

1、and原則(用來區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories

, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance

and make their own judgments.

這個句子結構比較清晰，這是一個復合句。While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories與it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.構成讓步關系。

[翻譯潤色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準確排序

While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories盡管律師提供的評論和反饋可能會增加報道的深度

, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance ，但記者最好還是依靠自己的理解，

and make their own judgments. 并做出自己的判斷。

[參考譯文] 盡管律師提供的評論和反饋可能會增加報道的深度，但記者最好還是依靠自己的理解，并做出自己的判斷。

參考譯文

幾個世紀以來，歐洲的大學一直認為法學是一門基本學科。然而，直到最近幾年，法學才成為加拿大大學本科專業(yè)的一個重要科目。傳統(tǒng)上，這些院校一直把學習法律看作是律師專有的特權，而不是一個受過教育的人常用的知識才能?？上驳氖?，加拿大的許多大學正在樹立更傳統(tǒng)、更具歐洲大陸特色的法律教育觀點，有些大學甚至已經開始授予法學學士學位。

如果法學正在開始成為普通教育的重要組成部分，那么它的目標和方法應該會立刻吸引新聞學教育者。法律是一門鼓勵負責任的判斷的學科。一方面，它為分析像正義、民主和自由這樣的概念提供機會。另一方面，如同記者每天在報道和評論新聞時會與生活建立起聯(lián)系那樣，法律把這些概念(公正、民主和自由)和日常實踐聯(lián)系在一起。比如，有關證據和事實、基本權利和公共利益這樣的概念在新聞判斷和新聞編寫過程中就如同在法庭上一樣發(fā)揮作用。通過研讀并思考法律來提高判斷能力是一名新聞記者應該為其事業(yè)做的一項知識準備。

但是，新聞記者必須比普通公民更為深刻地理解法律，這種觀點是基于對新聞媒體的既定慣例和特殊職責的理解。政治，或者廣義上說，的職能，是新聞記者報道的一個主要方面。他們對的機制了解得越多，報道就越優(yōu)秀。事實上，我們很難想象，對加拿大憲法的基本特征缺乏清晰了解的記者如何能勝任政治方面的報道。

此外，法律體系及其中發(fā)生的事件是新聞記者報道的主題。雖然法律報道的質量各有不同，但是許多新聞記者都過分依賴律師提供給他們的詮釋。盡管律師提供的評論和反饋可能會增加報道的深度，但記者最好還是依靠自己的理解并做出自己的判斷。

Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

To whom it may concern,

I am writing the letter to make some suggestions for improving the service of our university library.

On the whole, I think our library functions pretty well, but its service is far from being perfect. Firstly, it is quite convenient to arrange an inquiry desk at the circulation hall, which enables the students to ask questions whenever necessary. Then, with the help of a professional librarian, students can go through the procedures more efficiently. In addition, it would be most helpful if the students have access to the latest Issues of foreign magazines. Lastly, you'd better maintain strict order at the reading room. I frequently found myself Disturbed by certain students chatting and smoking there.

It is my sincere hope that you will take my advice into consideration and I hold that it will benefit both the students and the university faculty as well.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) support your view with an example/examples.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)

謀篇分析

根據漫畫不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，在足球場中一位球員等待射門，守門員等待接對方的射門。在射門球員頭腦中有一種想法，他認為守門員體態(tài)龐大，擋住了球門，自己射門舉步唯艱;在守門員頭腦中也有一種想法，他認為自己體態(tài)渺小，大部分球門裸露外，對方可以輕易將球射進自家大門。漫畫反映的是“缺乏自信導致失敗”，即該文章的主題。

根據提綱中的信息1) describe the drawing,.本文開頭需要一個獨立的段落，即描述漫畫段。

根據提綱中的信息2) interpret its meaning本篇文章下文要體現(xiàn)出作者對該現(xiàn)象的評論，即漫畫所傳遞的深刻含義。

根據提綱中的信息3) support your view with examples.本篇文章結尾處要體現(xiàn)出作者對該現(xiàn)象的評論，即引用具體實例闡述漫畫表達的觀點。

SAMPLE

How impressive the cartoon is in describing one of the most critical characteristic personalities concerning value and virtue! This cartoon depicts a picture of a football game with two players facing each other. One player is going to kick the ball while the goalkeeper is standing in front of a goal, ready to protect it. But both parties are losing their confidence. The striker magnifies the goalkeeper in his mind so that chances of shooting in are slim. Likewise, the goalkeeper minimizes his own image as if he couldn't defend the goal successfully.

Obviously, both of the players in the picture don't have enough confidence and if you have little confidence, how can you achieve your goal in life? The belief of what one can achieve and succeed often spells the difference between success and failure. On account of the fast pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous pressure on all individuals. The past few years have witnessed great increase in the difficulty of examinations and employment. Thus we must maintain powerful self-confidence and optimism in the face of challenges so as to survive and succeed.

Confidence can be shown in the performance of many people. Take Liuxiang as an example. It is because of his Self-confidence that he never shrinks in front of other experienced players and works wonders again and again. On the contrary, some athletes do well in everyday training, but when facing other people they fail to present the best of themselves for the lack of self-confidence.

As the saying goes, confidence is the first step to success! Only by building strong self-confidence can we move closer to our dreams.

文章結構分析

第一段

How impressive the cartoon is in describing one of the most critical characteristic personalities concerning…… 用來引出漫畫內容，并且給人以“心領神會”之感。

This cartoon depicts a picture of…… 描述漫畫內容。

第二段

Obviously, ……and if……, how can you achieve your goal in life? 用來引出主題，并且順利的強調主題的重要。

The belief of what one can achieve and succeed often spells the difference between success and failure. On account of the fast pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous pressure on all individuals. ……Thus we must maintain powerful …… in the face of challenges so as to survive and succeed. 用來聯(lián)系現(xiàn)實，只有將主題與現(xiàn)實聯(lián)系到一起才能體現(xiàn)出主題的意義和作用。

第三段

Confidence can be shown in the performance of many people. Take Liuxiang as an example. 舉例子，符合提綱要求來展開文章。

It is because of...... On the contrary, …… 展開例子，聯(lián)系到主題，再次強調主題的重要性。

第四段

As the saying goes,…… 諺語將文章主題升華。

Only by building strong self-confidence can we move closer to our dreams. 利用倒裝句型下結論，并把文章順利結尾。