2016年考研英語(yǔ)二閱讀理解

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.

However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.

Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.

　　The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.

The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem and organize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.

Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.

21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.

A. complete future job training B. remodel the way of thinking

C. formulate logical hypotheses D. perfect artwork production

22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____.

A. experience B. interest

C. career prospects D. academic backgrounds

23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.

A. help students learn other computer languages

B. have to be upgraded when new technologies come

C. need improving when students look for jobs

D. enable students to make big quick money

24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____.

A. bring forth innovative computer technologies

B. stay longer in the information technology industry

C. become better prepared for the digitalized world

D. compete with a future army of programmers

25. The word “coax” (Line3, Para.6) is closest in meaning to____.

A. persuade     B. frighten    C. misguide    D. challenge

Text 2

Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.

The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.

Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat, USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，” Ashe said.

Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court Not surprisingly, doesn’t go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.

26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____

[A]its drastically decreased population [B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage

[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists [D]the insistence of private landowners

27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____

[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure [B]would involve fewer agencies in action

[C]granted less federal regulatory power [D]went against conservation policies

28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____

[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation [B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat

[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job [D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations

29.According to Ashe， the leading role in managing the species in______

[A]the federal government [B]the wildlife agencies

[C]the landowners [D]the states

30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______

[A]industry groups [B]the win-win rhetoric

[C]environmental groups [D]the plan under challenge

Text 3

That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully： There’s never any time to read.

What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient. The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times” But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning—or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”. Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.

In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading—useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”. No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.

So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”. You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too—providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.

31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because

[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind

[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading

[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them

[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed

32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to

[A] update their to-do lists  [B] make passing time fulfilling

[C] carry their plans through  [D] pursue carefree reading

33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps

[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set  [B] develop online reading habits

[C] promote ritualistic reading  [D] achieve immersive reading

34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if

[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day

[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with

[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading

[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business

35. The best title for this text could be

[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading  [B] How to Find Time to Read

[C] How to Set Reading Goals  [D] How to Read Extensively

Text 4

Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.

Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.

Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.

From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.

Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.

Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can’t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”

36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.

[A] trying out different lifestyles [B] having a family with children

[C] working beyond retirement age [D] setting up a profitable business

37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to ____.

[A] favor a slower life pace

[B] hold an occupation longer

[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance

[D] give priority to childcare outside the home

38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ____.

[A] become increasingly clear

[B] focus on materialistic issues

[C] depend largely on political preferences

[D] reach almost all aspects of American life

39. Both young and old agree that ____.

[A] good-paying jobs are less available

[B] the old made more life achievements

[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain

[D] getting established is harder for the young

40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?

[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college.

[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.

[C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.

[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.

答案解析：Text 1

21 答案 B remodel the way of thinking.

Reshape 重塑 remold 重塑

Mold 名詞-模型 模子 動(dòng)詞-形成塑造

解析：此題是文中人物觀點(diǎn)題。根據(jù)Cortina定位到第二段前三句。Cortina認(rèn)為盡早接觸計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)是有益的。第三句It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. 譯為在轉(zhuǎn)變思維程序方面小孩不像年齡較大的學(xué)生一樣困難，即B remodel the way of thinking 轉(zhuǎn)變思維方式即為同義替換。

22 答案 D interest

解析：此題是細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞Friedman定位到第四段第二句but之后引號(hào)里面內(nèi)容“我們?cè)噲D讓課程符合學(xué)生興趣”，故而D interest為正確答案。

23 答案 A help students learn other computer languages

解析：文中人物觀點(diǎn)題。題干問(wèn)的是Deborah Seehorn認(rèn)為在Flatiron這里所學(xué)到的技能將能怎么樣，據(jù)此定位到第五段But處，和題干基本一致，該句指出“But the skills they learn…appl to any coding language”，意思是他們學(xué)到的技能可以應(yīng)用于任何編碼語(yǔ)言。對(duì)比答案選項(xiàng)，A選項(xiàng)的意思是“幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)其他的計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言”屬于原文定位處的同義替換。

24 答案 C become better prepared for the digitalized world

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。題干指出：根據(jù)最后一段，F(xiàn)latiron的學(xué)生被期望去干什么。據(jù)此定位到最后一段的These kids are going to be處，是題干的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。定位句“These kids are…be surrounded by computers for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think…….the better.”，意思是學(xué)生們?cè)皆鐚W(xué)越好。C選項(xiàng)“為數(shù)字化的未來(lái)做更好的準(zhǔn)備”是同義概述。

25 答案 B persuade

解析：詞義句意題，結(jié)合上下文來(lái)解題。根據(jù)coax此單詞，定位到最后一段最后一句“how to coax the machine into producing what they want”，考察固定搭配“persuade…into…”。A選項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)，B選項(xiàng)勸服，C選項(xiàng)使恐慌，D選項(xiàng)誤導(dǎo)。考生做題時(shí)一定要注意結(jié)合上下文來(lái)推測(cè)生詞的詞義，這是命題人的出題 規(guī)律。

Text2

26 答案 A its drastically decreased population

解析：此題是原因細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第一段But前后關(guān)于lesser prairie chickens 數(shù)量2million和22,000的強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比。此外第二段第二句“the lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation”都可以得知A its drastically decreased population 數(shù)量的急劇下降為正確答案。

27 答案 C granted less federal regulatory powers

Grant 動(dòng)詞-同意允許；授予賦予

名詞-補(bǔ)貼

解析：此題是原因細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第二段第四句，They had …, a state that gives federal officials greater regulatory power. 而B(niǎo)ut 之后是截然相反的事實(shí)，即政府授予了更少的管理權(quán)。故而C granted less federal regulatory powers為正確答案。

28 答案 A agree to pay a sum for compensation賠償補(bǔ)償 薪酬

解析：推斷題。題干問(wèn)的是從第三段推出來(lái)：無(wú)意傷害的那些人是不會(huì)被檢舉的如果怎么樣。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段首句“it would not prosecute….as long as ….”，題干中問(wèn)的if即原文的as long as的同意替換，原文as long as的意思是：只要他們簽署了計(jì)劃。下一句說(shuō)道，該計(jì)劃要求個(gè)體和企業(yè)去支付基金。對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)A選項(xiàng)“贊同支付賠償”屬于同義替換。

29 答案 D the states

解析：此題是細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段最后一句the idea is to let the“states”remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species, Ashe said. 其中in the driver’s seat對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的the leading role, 故而D states為正確答案。

30 答案 C environmental groups群體團(tuán)體

解析：文中人物觀點(diǎn)題。題干問(wèn)的是Jay Lininger最可能支持誰(shuí)，大寫(xiě)人名定位到末段最后一句。最后一句提到：生物學(xué)家Jay Lininger說(shuō)道聯(lián)邦政府要把責(zé)任推給導(dǎo)致鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)滅絕的企業(yè)，顯然是對(duì)政府和企業(yè)的反對(duì)。再往前看一句，指出：企業(yè)團(tuán)體和政府部門(mén)觀點(diǎn)一致，環(huán)境學(xué)家與其觀點(diǎn)恰巧一致。因此，Jay Lininger最支持環(huán)境團(tuán)體的觀點(diǎn)了。

Text3

31 答案 D what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed.

解析：因果細(xì)節(jié)題。題干指出：傳統(tǒng)的時(shí)間管理方法不起作用的原因是什么。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段首句指出the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient，是題干的同義替換，但要找原因。整段都在分析過(guò)程環(huán)節(jié)，最終原因必然在該段末句提到。直接定位到該段末句，指出深入閱讀不僅需要時(shí)間，而且是一種僅僅通過(guò)有效無(wú)法獲得的一種時(shí)間。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)D，深入閱讀所需的無(wú)法得到確保，是原文末句的同義替換。

32 答案 B make passing time fulfilling

解析：題干問(wèn)的是“empty bottles”暗喻證明了人們?cè)谧鍪裁捶矫嬗袎毫?，empty bottles直接可以在文中Gary Eberle所說(shuō)的話(huà)中找到：“The future comes at us like empty bottles…”。其所說(shuō)的話(huà)證明的目的必然是為了說(shuō)明前一句的觀點(diǎn)。因此，該題定位到三段“try to slot…but not the most fulfilling kind”，該句就指出：只會(huì)處理目標(biāo)集中的閱讀，這是有用的，但不是最有滿(mǎn)足感的。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)B使流逝的時(shí)間更有滿(mǎn)足感，是原文的同義替換。

33 答案 D achieve immersive reading

解析：文中人物觀點(diǎn)題，注意區(qū)分文中人物觀點(diǎn)和作者觀點(diǎn)。題干問(wèn)的是Eberle贊同為閱讀設(shè)定規(guī)定性時(shí)間幫助什么。根據(jù)題干精確定位到第四段第二句：“You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, E…..into soul time”，意思是你會(huì)認(rèn)為這可以提升效率性思維設(shè)定，但實(shí)際上這些行為幫助我們跨入到靈魂閱讀時(shí)間。對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)D，獲得深入閱讀，屬于同義替換。

34 答案 A reading becomes your primary business of the day

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。題干指出：總是帶一本書(shū)會(huì)起作用如果怎么樣。根據(jù)題干定位到末段中間部分“carry a book with you at all times can actually work, too … so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business.”，意思是這樣的話(huà)閱讀就成為默認(rèn)狀態(tài)，偶爾會(huì)出來(lái)管理工作（注意business并非默認(rèn)狀態(tài)，非主要事情）。對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)A 閱讀成為每天的主要任務(wù)，是該句的同義替換。

35 答案 B How to Find Time to Read

解析：標(biāo)題題，即全文中心主旨。通過(guò)題干，可發(fā)現(xiàn)題干關(guān)鍵詞中time復(fù)現(xiàn)多次，因此可確定time為全文的主題詞。整篇文章都圍繞閱讀時(shí)間來(lái)展開(kāi)，因此正確答案為A如何尋找閱讀時(shí)間。

Text4

36 答案 B having a family with children

解析：此題是細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第二段第一句Across generational lines,…including getting married, having children…即成功的標(biāo)志包括結(jié)婚生子，故而正確選項(xiàng)是B having a family with children.

37 答案 C attach importance to pre-marital finance

解析：此題是細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段第一句Young people…to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children…即年輕人認(rèn)為夫妻在結(jié)婚前或者生小孩前應(yīng)該在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是穩(wěn)定的，故而C attach importance to pre-marital finance為正確答案。

38 答案 D reach almost all aspect=respect 方面s of American life

解析：此題是細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第四段第一句…those just starting…will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects …即這些期待即將滲透到美國(guó)生活的各個(gè)方面，故而D reach almost all aspects of American life為正確答案。

39 答案 D getting established is harder for the young

解析：此題是文中人物觀點(diǎn)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第五段第一句…it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. 即與年長(zhǎng)者相比，現(xiàn)如今的年輕人維持生計(jì)更加困難，故而D getting established is harder for the young為正確答案。

40 答案 C His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.

解析：此題是正誤判斷題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第六段第五句Looking back…h(huán)is parents could provide a comfortable life for the children even though neither had completed college when he was young.即父母即便沒(méi)有上過(guò)大學(xué)但仍舊可以為孩子提供舒適的生活，故而His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.為正確答案。