2018年哈爾濱工程大學(xué)考博英語真題

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The contribution genes make intelligence increase as children grow older. This goes against the notion that most people hold that as we age，environmental influences gradually overpower the genetic legacy we are bom with and may have implications for education. “People assume the genetic influence goes down with age because the environmental differences between people pile up in life,” says Robert Plomin. “What we found was quite amazing, and goes in the other direction. ” Previous studies have shown variations in intelligence are at least partly due to genetics. To find out whether this genetic contribution varies with age，Plomin ’ s team pooled data from six separate studies carried out in the US, the UK, Australia and the Netherlands, involving a total of 11,000 pairs of twins. In these studies，the researchers tested twins on reasoning，logic and arithmetics to measure a quantity called general cognitive ability, or “G”. Each study also included both identical twins，with the same genes，and fraternal twins, sharing about half their genes，making it possible to distinguish the contributions of genes and environment to their G scores.

Plomin’s team calculated that in childhood, genes account for about 41 percent of the variation in intelligence. In adolescence, this rose to 55 percent； by young adolescence, it was 66 percent. No one knows why the influence from genes should increase with age, but Plomin suggests that as children get older, they become better at exploiting and manipulating their environment to suit their genetic needs, and says “ Kids with high G will use their environment to foster their cognitive ability and choose friends who are like-minded. ” Children with medium to low G may choose less challenging pastimes and activities, further emphasizing their genetic legacy. Is there any way to interfere with the pattern? Perhaps. “The evidence of strong heritability doesn’t mean at all that there is nothing you can do about it, ” says Susanne Jaeggi, “From our own work，the ones that started off with lower IQ scores had higher gains after training. ” Plomin suggests that genetic differences may be more emphasized if all children share an identical curriculum instead of it being tailored to children ’ s natural abilities. “ My inclination would be

to give everyone a good education, but put more effort into the lower end,” he says. Intelligence researchers Paul Thompson agrees: “It shows that educators need to steer kids towards things drawing out their natural talents.

56. What is the common notion that people hold about genes?

A. Humans can do little to change the genetic differences between people.

B. Genetic influence becomes stronger when people receive education.

C. Genes contribute more to one’s intelligence than environmental factors.

D. Environmental factors lessen the influence of genes on one’s intelligence.

57. The study by Plomin’ s team aims to find out .

A. whether variations in intelligence are caused by genetic differences

B. how to overpower genetic factors with new educational approaches

C. whether genetic contribution to one’s intelligence varies with age

D. the relationship between environment and genes

58. From the experiment with twins, Plomin * s team draws a conclusion that .

A. genetic contribution increases when one grows older

B. genetic influence decreases when age increases

C. environment has more impact on fraternal twins than identical twins

D. it remains a mystery how genes and environment co-influence people

59. The word “pattern” in paragraph four is closest in meaning to .

A. cognitive ability

B. strong heritability

C. genetic legacy

D. challenging pastimes

60. Which of the following might Plomin’s team least agree to?

A. An identical curriculum to school children.

B. A differentiated course design to children with varied IQ.

C. More effort directed at children with medium or low G.

D. Education tailored to children，s natural abilities.

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