2015年四川大學(xué)考博英語真題4

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Passage 4

Excessive sun exposure is bad for our health. But sun deprivation is also harmful contributing to ailments from depression to disturbed sleep, obesity and even cancer. People inhabiting the far northern hemisphere are particularly vulnerable, forced to endure long, dark winter nights and sometimes only seeing the sun for three quarters of an hour per day in December. But relief could be on its way, with Swedish researchers exploring a range of projects that could bring light to the wider population. They are working on a device that could transform people’s homes and lives by regulating the amount of light to which they are exposed. At Lund University, in southern Sweden, Prof Thorbjom Laike shows off what he calls an “artificial sun”，a collection of bright bluish lights that wouldn’t look out of place in a giant’s dentist surgery. The “sun” has pride of place in the architecture department, reflecting Prof Laike5s passion for light and the benefits it can bring. He is spearheading the “Healthy Homes project, which aims to ensure that people living in the dark upper reaches of the northern hemisphere receive the right amount of the “right sort ” of light at the right time. They are developing a device called a Daysimeter, which monitors a person’s exposure to light radiation during the day. When the user returns home, the

Daysimeter automatically sends this information to a central control hub, which works out whether the person has received sufficient sunlight. If that turns out to be either too much or not enough, a smart system will adjust the lighting in the home to compensate. By rebalancing an individual’s light exposure, the idea is to help people maintain a more normal and healthy circadian rhythm.

Humans are programmed to wake and sleep on a roughly 24-hour cycle, and the timing is regulated by exposure to light. According to a statement from the Healthy Homes project: “ Disruption of a regular, daily pattern of light and dark can lead to poor sleep, fatigue and decreased performance, as well as poor health ranging from obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and even cancer. ” In places where sunlight is in short supply, bright electric lighting delivered at the right time of day can act as a substitute. “We anticipate that this will make it easier for people, especially people working within shift work, to have better lighting solutions in their home, ’’ says Prof Laike. “But also people who have problems coming up in the morning during the dark period. Because we know that in those countries far from the equator such as Sweden, we have a need for light especially in the morning. ” Prof Laike believes architects also need to re-examine and perhaps re-employ the building standards of the 19th century when designers were obliged to maximize the amount of daylight penetrating schools

and factories.

One place in Sweden that has embraced this idea is Dragonskolan school in the northern town of Umea. They have installed full spectrum lights in seven of their classrooms with the hope that it will help increase alertness and reduce fatigue in its students. In December the sun shines on average for just 45 minutes a day in Umea. The town prides itself on its museums and the proximity of outdoor activities like dog sledding and cross-country skiing. But in the depths of winter with its almost constant fog of darkness, a supreme effort is required to escape the shackles of the duvet and central heating. The dancing multi-colored light shows of the Aurora Borealis aren’t sufficient compensation for the absence of the sun. “During winter you feel tired and it doesn’t feel like it’s seven in the morning,” says one student, Carl Frederik Valverius. “It feels like it’s 12 in the middle of the night. You just want to skip school and stay in bed. You want to do your best in school and be a good student. But at the same time you don’t feel like you have the energy. ” Fellow student Viola Asbaghi agrees: “I come to school when it’s dark, and go home when it’s dark. I never see the light in winter and feel permanently tired. ’’

Unlike standard lighting that tends to give off a yellow hue, the so-called “full spectrum” lights installed in these classrooms give off a greater proportion of blue wavelengths. These have been shown to have a greater effect on regulating the body clock if delivered early in the morning. It works by suppressing the production of the hormone melatonin, which causes drowsiness. The lights are also much brighter, which has been shown in previous studies to increase alertness throughout the day. “It’s too early to say whether grades will be better but what I’m hoping for, of course, is improved attendance and improved results. ” says Stellan Andersson, headmaster of the 2, 000-student

Dragonskolan. The lights were the gift of a local renewable utility company and run from stored solar energy harvested during a heat wave in July and August last year. The corridors and other rooms that are conventionally lit are Stygian in comparison. “It’s nice. It’s much brighter. I feel rejuvenated，” whispers Viola Asbaghi, 18, during a tough English exam in room C151, at just after nine in the morning, when it’s still dark outside. “I feel sharper, more alert, more focused,” says Carl Frederik Valverius, also 18. Previous studies have shown that exposure to bright light can have a marked effect on alertness.

However, Dr Baba Pendse, a senior consultant psychiatrist at Skane University Hospital in Malmo, south Sweden, warns against excessive use at the wrong time of day because it keeps the body wide awake, when it should be slowing down in preparation for sleep. “If you get light in the late afternoon or evenings, then you are shifting your body rhythms to the other direction, which is pathological. And that’s going to cause you problems. ” While the students hope to keep bleary eyes at bay, the Healthy Homes researchers plan to kit out the first experimental home within two years，although it could be a decade before the system becomes widespread. In the meantime, deprived northerners will have to grab light where and when they can.

16. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A. Too little sunning is just as harmful as too much sunning.

B. Artificial sunlight can be used to treat illnesses such as cancer.

C. People living on the equator do not develop obesity.

D. Northerners sleep more poorly than southerners do.

17. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

A. Ultimately, artificial sun will substitute the natural sunlight to keep people healthy.

B. Even sports and other activities cannot compensate for the lack of sunlight.

C. In the sunlight, only its bluish ray is important for human health.

D. People on the equator do not have to worry about biological cycle.

18. Human beings need sunlight exposure especially in the morning because .

A. their body clock would stop regulating work at night

B. the sunlight regulates certain hormone to keep people energetic

C. the morning sun gives off the full spectrum of rays

D. the 19th century architects had already found it necessary to maximize the sun penetration

19. Most likely, the author of this passage is .

A. a medical doctor B. a student who loves sports

C. a news reporter D. a town official in Sweden

20. In “the Healthy Homes researchers plan to kit out the first experimental home within two years”，the phrase “kit out” means “to

A. rule out B. install in the kitchen

C. equip and use D. send kids outdoors

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