?2015年10月全國自主考試英語閱讀(一)真題

2015年10月全國自主考試英語閱讀(一)真題及答案

2015年10月全國自主考試英語閱讀(一)真題及答案，英語閱讀歷年真題

一、Careful Reading

(40 points, 2 points for each)Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answers and write the corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.

1.Passage 1Questions I to 5 are based on the. following passage.A major aspect of psychology called behaviorism developed from research on learning. It was introduced in 1913 by the American psychologist John B.Watson, who felt psychologists should study observable behavior rather than states of consciousness or thought processes. He believed changes in behavior result from conditioning, a learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a certain stimulus.Watson's approach to behaviorism was strongly influenced by the research of the Russian physiologist Ivan P. Pavlov during the early 1900s. Pavlov's experiments with animals proved that certain reflex actions can become conditioned responses to entirely new stimuli. For example, a dogs mouth begins to water as a reflex when the animal smells meat. Pavlov rang a bell each time he was about to give meat to a dog. Eventually, the dog's mouth began to water when Pavlov merely rang the bell. The flow of saliva had become a conditioned response to the ringing of the bell.Watson demonstrated that responses of human beings could be conditioned in a similar manner. In an experiment, he struck a metal bar loudly each time an infant touched a furry animal. The sound scared the child, who in time became frightened by the mere sight of the animal. Watson felt be could produce almost any response in a child if he were able to control the child's environment.During the mid-1900s, the American behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner became known for his studies of how rewards and punishments can influence behavior. He believed that rewards, or positive reinforcements, cause behavior to be repeated. Positive reinforcements might include praise, food, or simply a person's satisfaction with his or her own skill, Punishments discourage certain behavior and warn people to avoid situations in which they might be punished. Skinner concluded that positive reinforcement is more effective in teaching new and better behaviors. His work led to the development "of teaching machines, which are based on positive reinforcement.In Watson's view, changes in behavior are caused by      .

A.thought processes
B.mental factors
C.leaning processes
D.states of consciousness

2.In the 2nd paragraph, the example is used to show that___.

A.studies of reflex actions began in Russia
B.responses of human beings and animals may both be conditioned
C.responses of human beings to stimuli differ from those of animals
D.reflex actions may become conditioned responses to tally new stimuli

3.It can be inferred from the passage that ______

A.Watson"s research focus was the control of environment
B.Watson"s approach to behaviorism was close to that of Pavlov
C.Watson"s approach to behaviorism was close to that of Skinner
D.Watson"s research is a combination of that of Pavlov and Skinner

4.According to B.F. Skinner, positive reinforcement______

A.has the same effect as punishment on children"s behaviors
B.is more likely to bring about better behaviors than punishment
C.is as effective as punishment in teaching children to learn new skills
D.is more effective in avoiding situations leading to repeated behaviors

5.The passage focuses on ______

A.reflex actions of animals
B.various learning processes
C.different approaches to behaviorism
D.the importance of controlling children

6.Passage2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The world perceives people with rich vocabularies to be more creative, more intelligent. People with larger vocabularies get hired quicker and promoted faster. So big winners use rich, full words, but they. never sound inappropriate. The phrases slide gracefully of their tongues to enrich their conversation. The words fit Big players choose words to match their personalities and their points with the same care as they choose their ties or their blouses.The startling good news is that the difference between a respected vocabulary and: a mundane one lies in only about fifty words! You don't need much to sound like a big winner, A mere few dozen wonderful words will give everyone the impression that you have an original and creative mind.Acquiring this super vocabulary is easy. All you need to do is to think of a few tired, overworked words you use every day -words like smart, nice, pretty, or good Then grab a thesaurus or book of synonyms off the shelf. Look up that common word you are bored hearing yourself utter every day. Examine your long list of alternatives.For example, you’ve been at a party and i was wonderful. Don't tell the hosts it was wonderful. Everybody says that, Tell them it was a splendid party, a superb party, an extraordinarily party Hug the hosts and tel them you had a magnificent time, a remarkable time, a glorious time,,Look up some common words you use every day in the thesaurus., Then, like slipping your feet into a new pair of shoes, slip your tongue into a few new words to see how they fit. If you like them, start making permanent replacements.Remember, only fifty words make the difference between a rich, creative vocabulary and an average, middle-of-be-road one. Substitute a word a day for two months and you'll be in the verbally elite."Big winners" at work or “big players" in life are characterized by all the following EXCEPT ______

A.their being extremely wealthy
B.their appropriate use of words
C.their likelihood to be promoted
D.their appropriate choice of clothes

7.The word "mundane“ in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning to ______

A.ingenious
B.redundant
C.colorful
D.ordinary

8.Which of the following is regarded by the author as a middle-of-he-road word?

A.Wonderful.
B.Splendid.
C.Superb
D.Extraordinary

9.According to the author, super vocabulary can be acquired through ______

A.the frequent use of a book of synonyms
B.the frequent use of commonplace words
C.the substitution of short words for long ones
D.the substitution of ordinary words for rich ones

10.The author"s attitude towards people who use rich, full words is______

A.favorable
B.Critical
C.Impartial
D.indifferent

11.Passage3Questions 1I to I5 are based on the following passage.Whether it is out of necessity or by choice, for most of us there are periods when much of what we do does not afford us satisfaction. Many students never enjoy exam period; and even in the most engaging workplaces, some projects are less interesting than others.Research shows that pursuing self-satisfying goals engaging in activities that are meaningful and pleasurable impacts our experience in other areas that are not directly related to these activities. Meaningful and pleasurable activities can function like a candle in a dark room, and just as it takes a small flame or two to light up an entire physical space, one or two happy experiences during an otherwise uninspiring period can transform our general state and rejuvenate us. I call these brief but transforming experiences happiness boosters activities, lasting anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours, that provide us with both meaning and pleasure, both present and future benefit.Happiness boosters can inspire and invigorate us, acting as both a motivation pull and a motivation push. For a single parent, a happiness booster in the form of a meaningful outing with her children over the weekend can change her overall experience of life, including the hours spent at work. The outing can motivate her and pull her through the week, giving her something to look forward to when she gets up for work in the morning. The same happiness booster can then energize her, providing her with the push she needs by recharging her motivational stores for the following week.Ideally, we want our entire day to be filled with happy experiences. This kind of life is not always attainable, though, and it might be that we need to wait until evenings or weekends to pursue activities that provide present and future benefit. One of the common mistakes people make is that in their free time they choose passive pleasure -seeking over an active pursuit of happiness. At the end of a hard day at work or in school, they opt to do nothing but sit around in front of the television screen. rather than engage in activities that are both meaningful and pleasurable.The opening paragraph of the passage implies that people do not always______

A.seek a more gratifying job that pays less
B.seek a well-paid job that they dislike
C.engage in pleasurable activities

12.The word “rejuvenate" in the 2nd Paragraph can be replaced by______

A.invigorate
B.entertain
C.impact
D.accelerate

13.According to the author, "happiness boosters" refers to .

A.experiences that are likely to change your way of life
B.experiences that may help you enhance your learning ability
C.Activities that last for a short while but their effect may be lasting
D.activities that lead to pleasurable experiences in other unrelated areas.

14.The author uses the case of a single mother to demonstrate ______

A.how she provides her children with a recreational activity
B.how she actively pursues self-satisfying goals in her career
C.the role of happiness boosters in people"s work and daily life
D.the influence of an occasional outing on the way people work and live

15.In the last paragraph, the author______

A.points out a common mistake people make in their free time
B.urges people to engage in meaningful and pleasurable activities
C.states that it is not possible to fill each day with happy experiences
D.criticizes people who spend most of their free time watching television

16.Passage4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.In 1575, the French scholar Louis LeRoy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We also feel that our times are out of order; we even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate, and damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The future is never a projection (投射) of the past Animals probably have no chance to escape the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For us, trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become to complex for comprehension by the human brain, modem societies have often responded effectively to critical situations. The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides and the rethinking of technologies of the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situations in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have arisen. There have been the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering, even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on ? population scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.It can be inferred from the 1 paragraph that Louis LeRoy, the changes in his time ______

A.welcomed
B.facilitated
C.objected to
D.overlooked

17.If the present trends continue, the earth will face the following threats EXCEPT ______

A.sluggish growth of technology
B.serious pollution of environment
C.complete exhaustion of resources
D.use of nuclear weapons as blackmail

18.Which of the following statements is true of human beings?

A.They will be free from social evolution.
B.They have manipulated behavior and genes,
C.They can possibly guard against future dangers.
D.They can escape the tyranny of biological evolution

19.Human beings have effectively dealt with critical situations by ______

A.increasing production
B.arousing public awareness
C.launching political campaigns
D.making technological progress

20.In our times, the force to change certain trends usually comes from ______

A.scientists
B.ordinary people
C.politicians
D.official directives

二、Speed Reading

(10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: Skim or scan the following passages. Decide on the best answers and write the corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.

11.Passage5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The development of specialized courts for dealing with offenders convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence of alcohol (DUD) arose after the efficacy of drug and other problem-solving courts had been demonstrated. The first DWI court in the United States was established in New Mexico in 1995. The number has been growing rapidly and there were about 400 such courts operating in 2008.Drunken driving is a serious problem in the United States. Fortunately, the proportion of alcohol-related traffic fatalities has fallen from over 60 percent in 1975 to about 40 percent in recent years. When calculated in terms of the number of vehicles on the road, of vehicle miles traveled, or of the number of licensed drivers, the proportion has been cut in about half since the early 1980s. Still, over 15,000 people are killed each year in alcohol-related crashes, several thousands of which involve intoxicated drivers. Every single injury and death caused by drunken driving is totally preventable.Most drivers who have had something to drink have low blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) and relatively few are involved in fatal crashes. On the other hand, while only a few drivers have BACs higher than .15, a much higher proportion of those drivers have fatal crashes. The average BAC among fatally injured drivers is .16. That is, it is twice the maximum legal BAC limit fordriving.DWI courts apply the successful drug court model to alcohol-impaired drivers. They reflect the experience that society cannot rely solely on punishment to solve a serious social problem rooted largely in a medical problem -alcoholism. The traditional approach of relying on punishment without treatment , and accountability has proven to be largely ineffective with repeat offenders. As one judge observed, we cannot "jail our way out of the problem." These courts address the problem by holding offenders to a high level of accountability, providing long-term intensive treatment, and carefully monitoring offender behavior for compliance. The first DWI court in the United States was founded in ______.

A.1975
B.1980
C.1995
D.2008

12.DWI courts have developed rapidly in the United States because ______

A.drug courts have effectively reduced traffic crashes and deaths
B.DWI drivers tend to offend when having very high and dangerous BACs
C.DWI drivers are very resistant to changing their drunken driving behavior
D.drug and other similar problem-solving courts have proven to be effective

13.In the US, the proportion of alcohol-related traffic fatalities in recent years is______

A.less than 30%
B.about 40%
C.approximately 50%
D.more than 60%

14.According to the text, the maximum legal BAC limit for driving is ______

A.075
B.08
C.15
D.16

15.The traditional practice of dealing with repeat DWI offenders is to ______

A.punish them without medical treatment
B.provide them with long-term treatment
C.put them in jail with intensive treatment
D.arouse their strong sense of responsibility

16.Passage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Not so long ago a school field trip was a walk through the nearest park or, if you were very lucky, a day trip to the zoo. Nowadays, some schools in the U.K. visit such exotic places as the Canadian Arctic, the Great Barrier Reef, andJapan and within a week. What's going on? Videoconferencing! These are virtual field trips made possible by technology.Videoconferencing systems vary in the technology they use and the cost, but the basic idea is always the same: it's like making a phone call but using a camera and a screen instead of a telephone. The cheapest systems start at about€700 with a video phone, a television and a camcorder. It is possible, though, to spend thousands of pounds if you use state-of-the-art equipment and broadband satellite connections. Most schools can only afford a basic system, but even this can be a remarkable resource full of possibilitiesOne such possibility is to allow children to "visit" places almost anywhere in the world. These virtual field trips, however, involve more than simply bringing live video pictures into the classroom. Children don't just watch --they take part. In a live link up with NASA, for example, children were able to speak to a real astronaut, On another occasion the link was with a diver swimming around Australia's Great Barrier Reef As she swam, she answered children's questions about the fish and plant life they could see on the screen. One class has even had a live chat with Tony Blair. They were gathered around the TV monitor at schoolwhile the then Prime Minister was enjoying a cup of tea at Downing Street.Events like these are an exciting way for children to learn about science and politics by speaking to people directly involved. The children also get to develop important communication skills by expressing themselves, speaking clearly and thinking about the sort of questions they want to ask.Videoconferencing also provides opportunities for children to team up with other children around the globe. Meeting people from other countries is a wonderful experience for any child. Apart from improving their language kills, it helps them appreciate other cultures. In the past, only a few lucky children were able to experience this by traveling abroad on school exchange programs -spending a few weeks in France or Germany, for example. Videoconferencing makes it possible for many more children to come into contact with cultures.Some U.K. school children, for example, have met up with classmates in California and Japan, learning what it's like to live in an earthquake zone. Others have chatted with Inuit children from Canada. One class regularly meets with children from Finland. Videoconferencing makes foreign cultures "real" in a way not possible through books. And the fact that children can see each other on screen helps then build real relationships make friends even despite the huge distances between them.Traditionally, a school field trip may involve a trip to______

A.Downing Street
B.a park or zoo nearby
C.the Canadian Arctic
D.the Great Barrier Reef

17.All videoconferencing systems ______

A.use the same equipment
B.have broadband satellite connections
C.use state-of-the-art equipment
D.are based on the same basic idea

18.Videoconferences give children chances to ______

A.travel around the world
B.find exchange programs
C.get involved in virtual field trips
D.swim around the Great Barrie Reef

19.By videoconferencing children can do the following EXCEPT ______

A.experiencing foreign cultures
B.improving their communication skills
C.spending a few weeks in a foreign country
D.making friends with children of other countries

110.According to the passage, Inuit children are from______

A.Canada
B.Japan
C.Finland
D.Germany

三、Discourse Cloze

(10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: The following passage is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). Write the letters of your answers on the Answer Sheet.

21.The English, as a race, have the reputation of being very different from all other nationalities, (31)    ,It is I claimed that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it. Whatever the reasons, i may be fairly stated that (32)     which distinguish him from other nationalities.Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person (33) ______ In the presence of strangers or foreigners (34) ______ You have only to witness a commuter train any morning or evening to see the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corner, (35) ______ In fact, to do so would seem most unusual, An English wit, (36)     , once suggested, On entering a railway compartment, shake hands with all the passengers." Needless to say, (37)      , There is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, if broken, makes the person immediately the object of suspicionIt is a well-known fact that the English have an obsession with their weather and that, given half a chance, (38)  ______ Some people argue that it is because English weather defies forecast and (39) ______ This may be so. Certainly Englishmen cannot have much faith in the weathermen who, after promising fine, sunny weather for the following day, are often proved wrong (40)  ______ This helps to explain the seemingly odd sight of an Englishman leaving home on a sunny summer morning with a raincoat slung over his arm.(From The English Character)[A] when an anti-cyclone over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districts[B] being eager to talk about the state of the British weather[C] he was not being serious[D] no one speaks[E] hence is a source of interest and speculation to everyone[F] they will start a conversation with an Englishman[G] who is fully relaxed only among people be knows well[H] the Englishman has developed many attitudes and habits[I] he often seems inhibit, even embarrassed[J]  including their closest neighbors, the French, the Belgians and the Dutch[K] they will talk about it at length[L] pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitors （31）

22.(32)

23.(33)

24.(34)

25.(35)

26.(36)

27.(37)

28.(38)

29.(39)

210.(40)

四、WORD FORMATION

(10 points, 1 point for each)Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the bracket. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

31.(competent) His as the finance minister had been reinforced by his successful fight against inflation.

32.(earth) Researchers have documents indicating her responsibility for the forced adoption of children.

33.(consume) Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable moderation in salt______

34.(approve) The new play won immediate from critics and audiences.

35.(conventional) His view of sexuality is so radically that most people cannot take it.

36.(definite) The peace talk between the two countries has been postponed for a(n) period.

37.(profession) Since you"re a nurse, so can I ask your opinion on bandaging ankles?

38.(build) It"s not a very beautiful____ but it"s comfortable to be in.

39.(symbol) Language and other forms of____ communication, such as art, enable people to create, explain, and record new ideas and information.

310.(sure) Our programs daily opportunities for all learners to practice the language with native speakers.

五、Gap Filling

(10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: The following passage is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases in the box (there are more words than necessary). Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

41.

less   avoid    more   general   depend what  unique   recognize  which   in compare  possible

In a society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent.Early upbringing in the home is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the community and by the parents" capabilities and their aims, and children's development (51)______not only on upbringing and education but also on their innate abilities. Wild differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children of the same family.Parents can ascertain (52)______is normal in physical, mental and social development, by referring (53)______the books based on scientific knowledge in these areas, or by (54)______notes with friends and relatives who have children.Intelligent parents, however, realize that the particular setting of each family is (55)______, and there can be no rigid general rules. They use (56)______information only as a guide in making decisions and solving problems. For example, they will need specific suggestions for problems such as speech defects or backwardness (57)______, learning to walk or control of bodily functions. In the more general sense, though, problems of upbringing are   (58)______to be problems of relationships within the individual family.All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline. The younger the child, the   (59)______readily the mother gives in to his demands to   (60)______disappointing him. She knows that if his energies are not given an outlet, her child's continuing development may be warped.(From Bringing Up Children)（51）

42.(52)

43.(53)

44.(54)

45.(55)

46.(56)

47.(57)

48.(58)

49.(59)

410.(60)

六、Short Answer Questions

(10 points, 5 points for each)Directions: The following 2 questions are based on Passage Four in this test paper. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly by referring back to Passage Four. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

51.What does the author mean by saying trend is not destiny" in the 3rd" paragraph?

52.What is the proof that showed modem societies have responded effectively to critical situations?

七、TRANSLATION

(10 points, 2 points each)The following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read the paragraph carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

61.Mine. Loisel now knew the horrible experience of the impoverished. [(63)She. carried her burden. however. with heroism. ]That dreadful debt had to be paid, and she would pay it. The Loisels fired their servant. [(64) They moved from their comfortable apartment to a small attic-like flat under the roof.][(65) She came to know what heavy housework meant and she came to know the hateful chores of the kitchen.] She washed the dishes, breaking her beautiful nails on the greasy pots and pans. She washed the dirty linen, the shirts, and the dishcloths, which she dried on a line. [(66) She carried the garbage down to the street every morning and carried up the water, stopping at every landing to catch her breath. ]And, dressed like a poor woman of the streets, she went to the grocer, the butcher, and the fruit vender, carrying her basket on her arm, bargaining, shouting, and defending every sou which she had to spend on food.[(67) Each month they had to pay of some old debts. renew others and make some new ones.]Her husband worked in the evening as a bookkeeper, and late at night he copied manuscripts for people at five sou a page.This life lasted for ten years.At the end of ten years they had paid everything, the principal on their many loans and the terrible high interest, too.(From The Necklace)（63）

62.(64)

63.(65)

64.(66)

65.(67)