?自考英語二（下）課文翻譯之unit1

自考英語二（下）課文翻譯之unit1

Unit One

What Is a Decision ?何為決策?

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of actionthat are available. The purpose of making adecision is toestablish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making adecision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, orsomething is standing in the way of accomplishing them.

決策是一種選擇， 來自可以獲得的、 任擇其一的行動步驟。 作決策的意圖是要確立和實現機構的目標和目的。 作決策的原因是有問題存在、 目標和目的不正確、或者有某種東西妨礙目標或目的的實現。

Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest thatthe management process is decisionmaking. Although managers cannotpredict the future, many of their decisions require that they considerpossible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what thefuture will be and try to leave as littleas possible to chance, but sinceuncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they areserious.

因此，作決策的過程對管理人員來說至關重要。 管理者所做的每件事幾乎都與決策有關， 事實上，有些人認為管理過程就是作決策。盡管管理者不能預測未來，但他們所作的許多決策都要求他們考慮將來可能發(fā)生的事情。通常情況下，管理者必須對未來情況作出最佳估測，并且努力要使偶然事件盡可能少地發(fā)生，但是，由于不確定的因素一直存在，所以，決策總是與風險為伴。有時候，拙劣決策的后果并不嚴重，但在另外一些時候則是非常嚴重了。

Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.

選擇是指從多個可能性中挑選的機會。 如果沒有選擇， 就毋須作決策。 作決策就是挑選的過程， 許多決策的選擇范圍很廣。 例如，一個學生為了獲得學位，他可能會從許多不同的課程中選擇從而作出決策。對管理者來說，每項決策都受到基于政策、程序、法律、慣例等等因素的制約，這些制約存在于各個層次的機構中。

Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blind s them to other alternatives.

抉擇是從中可以作出選擇的可能的行動步驟。假如沒有可供選擇的可能性，這就意味著沒有 做過對問題進行徹底調查的工作。例如，管理者有時用兩者擇一的方式來處理問題，即他們簡化復雜問題的手法。但是，這種簡化的傾向使他們看不到其他可供選擇的可能性。

At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identify ing them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.

在管理層，作決策包括了限定和鑒別可供選擇的可能性，其限定范圍從非常有限到基本無限。

Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best — that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the marketing manager may argue effective ly for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.

決策者必須具備從多個可供選擇的可能性中確定最佳選擇——即：最有助于實現機構的目標—的手段。機構目標是該機構竭力要達到的最終目標或理想狀態(tài)。因為個人(和機構)常常對達到目標有著不同的主意，所以，最佳選擇就取決于決策者了。在同一機構內的部門或單位經常會作出有利于他們自己而對大單位不甚理想的決策。 被稱為局部最優(yōu)化的權衡加強了某一單位或某一功能的優(yōu)勢，卻削弱了另一單位或另一功能的優(yōu)勢，例如，市場營銷經理會極力要求增加廣告預算。 然而，在更大的事情策劃中， 為改進產品而增加科研經費可能會更有益于該機構。

These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department .Different managers define the same problem in different term s. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.

這些權衡的產生是因為機構希望同時達到多個目標。有些目標比其他的目標更重要，但其重要性的先后順序和等級卻因人而異、因部門而異。 不同的管理者對同一個問題持不同的看法。 面對一件日常事件時， 銷售經理常易看到銷售問題，生產經理則常易看到生產問題等等。

The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.

多種目標的順序和重要性也部分地基于決策者的價值觀，這些價值觀帶有個人特色，他人很難理解， 因為價值觀是不斷變化的、 極為復雜的。在許多商情中，不同的人對于風險的可接受程度有著不同的價值觀，這就造成了決策正確與否的不同意見。

People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.

人們常常以為決策是一個孤立的現象。 但從系統(tǒng)的觀點來看， 問題具有多種原因，故而決策有意料中的結果和非意料中的結果。一個機構是一個發(fā)展中的實體，今天所作的決策可能會對將來產生深遠的影響。因此，有經驗的管理者著眼于當前決策的將來效果。

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