?2021年自考英語(yǔ)二教材核心知識(shí)點(diǎn)

2021年自考英語(yǔ)二教材核心知識(shí)點(diǎn)

英語(yǔ)的復(fù)習(xí)需要平時(shí)做好積累，每天練習(xí)，每天進(jìn)步一點(diǎn)。學(xué)好自考英語(yǔ)就要一步一步來(lái)，從詞匯、語(yǔ)法到句型、作文，把基礎(chǔ)打牢，往后學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)比較輕松。詞匯英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)，是每天都需要更新記憶的。

TextA What Is a Decision?

課文精講

Para.1

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists，goals or objectives are wrong，or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.

1.made from among alternative courses of action.是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。

courses of action行動(dòng)方針that are available是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾概念短語(yǔ)“行動(dòng)方針”。

2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.

此句是由that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句由a problem exist;goals of objectives are wrong及something is standing in the way of accomplishing them三個(gè)并列句構(gòu)成。

The reason for … is that是一個(gè)常用的句子。例：The reason for canceling the travel is that they lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他們手頭缺錢。

The reason why … 是另外一個(gè)常用的句子。例：There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他們不愿意談?wù)摫ｋU(xiǎn)的原因有三個(gè)。

Para.2

Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions，indeed，some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future， many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there，risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight;at other times they are serious.

3.a manager does是省略that的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞everything

當(dāng)先行詞為everything， something， anything， nothing等不定代詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞不可用which， 此句的后半部分some suggest that …… 是賓語(yǔ)從句。

4.although conj.“雖然，盡管”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

例如：Although my car is very old，it still runs very well .

雖然我的汽車很舊，但是仍然跑得很好。

require vt. 要求，需要后邊由that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。

5.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance，but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions.

make a best guess at 作出最佳猜測(cè)，at 表示動(dòng)作或行為的方向和目標(biāo)，如：look at (看) ，aim at (瞄準(zhǔn)，目的是)，throw (a stone) at (向…擲石頭)，shoot at (射擊)，laugh at (嘲笑)

本句中what the future will be 是一個(gè)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句，(作介詞at 的賓語(yǔ));

to leave sth. to chance “憑運(yùn)氣，聽任命運(yùn)的安排，聽其自然發(fā)展”

“as + 形容詞(或副詞)+ as possible”意思是“盡可能地…; 盡量”。

as little as possible 盡可能少

I tried to be as friendly as possible. 我盡量地表示友好。

Come as quickly as possible. 盡快來(lái)。

sometimes … at other times 有時(shí)… ，而有時(shí)則 …

a poor decision 一個(gè)不良決策

Para.3

Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing， and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example， a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.

1.“選擇”三個(gè)詞的區(qū)別：

alternative adj.兩者或多于兩者選一個(gè)，供選擇的，n.替代物

choice 選自己喜歡的，挑出，選出

select 選出最好的，篩選、精選

2.由 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句， 主句中的不定式被動(dòng)態(tài) to be made作定語(yǔ)， 修飾decision

3.range n. 范圍 a broad range of choice 一個(gè)很廣的選擇范圍

For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like.

1.be based on 表示“建立在…基礎(chǔ)上;本句中based on 是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾constraints。

例：The book is based on a true story. 這本書是以一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事為依據(jù)的。

He was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination. 他第一個(gè)畫出以當(dāng)時(shí)所有的知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的地圖，而不是基于猜測(cè)和想象。

2.and the like 意思是“等等 (之類的東西)”。

例：He studied painting， music， English and the like. 他學(xué)習(xí)了繪畫、音樂(lè)、英語(yǔ)等等。

Para.4

Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives， there is no choice and， therefore， no decision. If no alternatives are seen， often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion;this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.

1.from which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾 courses of action 行動(dòng)方針

2.a thorough job of examining 一個(gè)徹底的考察工作

a thorough job是主語(yǔ)，of examining the problems 修飾job，has not been done是句子的謂語(yǔ)。

thorough a. 徹底的

through prep. 通過(guò)，穿過(guò)

though conj. 雖然，盡管 ( 同although )

thought n. 思想

For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion

3.either /or 意思是“非此即彼;二者擇一”。

例：We fight， or we don't —— it's an either/or decision.

我們戰(zhàn)斗或不戰(zhàn)斗-這是二者擇一的決定。

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